Thesis (M.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1805. / Microform version available in the Readex Early American Imprints series.

Thesis (M.D.)--College of Physicians and Surgeons in the University of the State of New-York, 1814. / Microform version available in the Readex Early American Imprints series.

My result address the problem that getting back up in the boat after one have fallen in can be very difficult. My research led me to focus on the very smallest boats, rowing boats and open motorboats under 6 meters in length. My solution to the problem is to provide an easily attached footstep that can be reached and pulled down from water level. The product can be adapted to different boats. For the smallest boats, manually activated flotation units can be integrated to prevent the boat from tipping.

In this first manuscript, the research purpose was to explore stakeholders perceived roles in mobilizing pool safety knowledge and to understand the barriers associated with the uptake of pool safety initiatives. Six water safety experts were interviewed to gain insight into their perceptions and diverse roles. Using grounded theory, it was determined that stakeholders perceive they have a role in mobilizing pool safety knowledge. Three overarching themes emerged from the data which aligned with a proposed Drowning Prevention Spectrum: pool safety experts perceive their responsibility in mobilizing pool safety knowledge through their role in developing knowledge and skills as a safety educator; developing and promoting campaigns and products through their role as a marketer of behaviour change; and through their role in the development and enforcement of policies and legislation. Interviewees were also asked what they perceived as some of the major barriers to the uptake of pool safety information and initiatives. Interviewed stakeholders revealed that the main social ecological barriers included personal barriers (cost and time), social barriers (policy and awareness), and physical barriers (backyard aesthetics). The results of the first manuscript demonstrates that even though all interviewed stakeholders perceive they have a role in mobilizing pool safety knowledge, there are still barriers in the uptake of pool safety knowledge by citizens and pool owners. The second manuscript focused on using Weinreich’s (2010) process model and semi structured interviews with six pool safety experts as well as marketing experts to create a social marketing campaign to emphasize the risks associated with portable pools. This article goes through the six steps outlined by Weinreich (2010) as well as using theories in the development of the campaign messages. Through interviews, experts gave their opinions and suggestions on most effective campaign messages, images, target audience, and promotional channels. The mock campaign ads were then presented to the marketing team in whom they gave their ideas and suggestions on how to hook the target audience in wanting to learn more about portable pool safety. A final campaign was crafted and will be implemented in a future City of Ottawa initiative.

Ertrinken ist bei Kindern nach Autounfällen die zweithäufigste nicht-natürliche Todesursache. Die Zahl der Fälle von Beinahe-Ertrinken wird auf etwa das Vierfache geschätzt. Im Rahmen dieser Promotionsarbeit wurden, an der Universitätsklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche Leipzig behandelte, Ertrinkungsunfälle mittels selbstgestalteten Fragebogen retrospektiv analysiert. Hiermit sollten mögliche Gemeinsamkeiten gefunden werden, um eventuelle Prädiktoren für Behandlung und Outcome zu definieren. Die Hälfte der Kinder verunglückte an künstlich angelegten Gewässern wie Pools und Gartenteichen. Die mediane Submersionszeit betrug 2 Minuten. Eine Submersionszeit von unter 1 Minute korrelierte mit einem guten und von über 10 Minuten mit einem schlechten Outcome. Eine Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) von 3 (n=15) sowie lichtstarre Pupillen (n=14) waren mit einem letalen Ausgang oder dem Zurückbleiben neurologischer Defizite assoziiert. Eine negative Prognose ergab sich bei schwer azidotischen pH-Werten mit einem niedrigen Base Excess, hohen Glukose- sowie Laktatwerten. 6 Patienten verstarben innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden, 6 weitere im stationären Verlauf. 5 Kinder behielten neurologische Folgeschäden zurück, 27 konnten gesund entlassen werden. Unsere Ergebnisse konnten andere Studien zum Thema Ertrinkungsunfälle bestätigen, und ergaben das höchste Risiko für Jungen im Alter zwischen 1 und 3 Jahren, die alleine im Garten spielen. Die Prognose ist von den jeweiligen Unfallumständen abhängig, Submersionszeit und initiale Reanimationspflichtigkeit haben jedoch einen besonderen Einfluss. Die Erstversorgung am Unfallort ist ausschlaggebend für den Ausgang der Fälle. Schulungen von Eltern und Betreuern zu Prävention und Erster Hilfe bei Ertrinkungsunfällen könnten dazu beitragen Unfälle zu verhindern.

This dissertation investigates the cultural, ideological, and literary background of and assumptions underpinning interpretations and representations of Shakespeare’s Ophelia in nineteenth-century Britain. Ophelia was a fundamental image in Victorian iconography, and was appropriated for and implicated in historically embedded social, cultural, and psychological formations and subjected to new methods of critical scrutiny. In art, poetry, fiction, literary criticism, and medical discourse, Ophelia became an example of feminine purity and tenderness, a prototype of Victorian female insanity, and a model for representations of beautiful, drowning women. Drawing on New Historicist theories and methodologies, I use fictional and non-fictional writing from literary, medical, and social discourses in order to elucidate an understanding of the dynamic and compelling relationship between the Victorian period and this fictional Shakespearean character.

Aims The aim of this thesis was to describe out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to drowning from the following angles. In Paper I: To describe the characteristics of OHCA due to drowning and evaluate factors of importance for survival. In Paper II: To describe lifesaving skills and CPR competence among surf lifeguards. In Paper III: To describe the characteristics of interventions performed by the Swedish fire and rescue services (SFARS) and evaluate survival with or without rescue diving units. In Paper IV: To describe the prevalence of possible confounders for death due to drowning. In Paper V: To describe changes in characteristics and survival over time and again to evaluate factors of importance for survival Methods Papers I and III-V are based on retrospective register data from the Swedish OHCA Register reported by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) clinicians between 1990-2011. In addition, in Paper III, the data have been analysed and compared with the SFARS database for rescue characteristics. In Paper IV, the data have been compared with those of the National Board of Forensic Medicine (NBFM). Paper II is a descriptive study of 40 surf lifeguards evaluating delay and CPR quality as peformed on a manikin. Results Survival in OHCA due to drowning is about 10% and does not differ significantly from OHCA with a cardiac aetiology. The proportion of witnessed cases was low. Survival appears to increase with a short EMS response time, i.e. early advanced life support. Surf lifeguards perform CPR with sustained high quality, independent of prior physical strain. In half of about 7,000 drowning calls, there was need for a water rescue by the fire and rescue services. Among the OHCA in which CPR was initiated, a majority were found floating on the surface. Rescue diving took place in a small percentage of all cases. Survival when using rescue divers did not differ significantly from drownings where rescue diving units were not used. No survivors were found after &gt;15 minutes of submersion in warm water. After submersion in cold water, survival with a good neurological outcome was extended. Among 2,166 autopsied cases of drowning, more than half were judged as accidents and about one third as intentional suicide cases. Among accidents, 14% were found to have a cardiac aetiology, while the corresponding figure among suicides was 0%. In a 20-year follow-up of OHCA due to drowning in Sweden, both bystander CPR and early survival to hospital admission are increasing. The proportion of cases alive after one month has not changed significantly during the period. Conclusions Survival from OHCA due to drowning is low. A reduction in the EMS response time appears to have high priority, i.e. early ALS is important. The quality of CPR among surf lifeguards appear to be high and not affected by prior physical strain. In all treated OHCA cases, the majority were found at the surface and survival when rescue diving took place did not appear to be poorer than in non-rescue diving cases. In a minor proportion of cases, cardiac disease could be a confounder for death due to drowning. Bystander CPR in OHCA due to drowning has increased over a 20-year period and the proportion of early survivors to hospital admission is increasing. We speculate that our studies were underpowered with regard to the opportunity adequately to assess the effects of bystander CPR on survival to hospital discharge. A uniform Swedish definition of drowning based on the recommended international terms should be implemented throughout Swedish authorities and health care, in order to enhance the quality of data and improve the potential for future research. / <p>Disputationen sker Fredagen den 20 September 2013, kl. 13.00 Sahlgrens aula, Blå stråket 5, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg.</p>

Worldwide, drowning is the third leading cause of death among children. In Asia it is the first leading cause of death and a major public health threat. The objective of this paper was to develop a drowning prevention program including swimming training, CPR and lifesaving methods for children and to evaluate it. This intervention was provided and evaluated in Thailand where drowning is the first leading cause of death among children. The study used observations, quantitative and qualitative methods. In total 20 children in the age of seven to ten, from Nan Province in northern Thailand were participating.The result of this intervention is that the children are highly capable to learn swimming, CPR and lifesaving activities within 10 days. Out of 20 participants all have successfully completed the swimming, CPR and lifesaving programs.The conclusion of this intervention study can be sum up by both the interventions result, the questionnaires and the independent evaluators is that swimming program as this one is highly needed for saving lives. Support from the local as well as the central authority is also needed. Therefore such swimming program shows the importance of swimming knowledge and water security to prevent drowning in near future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massey University, Palmerston North, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-184)

Bibliography: pages 154-155. / In discussing the drowning figure in the work of DJ Opperman, it is assumed that the themes of decline and resurgence are central to the work of the author. With respect to these dual motifs the following became apparent: (a) that the decline inevitably leads to new life, and of necessity, must precede it. (b) This universal paradox of decline and resurgance is characterised by an endless repetition in time. (c) Man as an individual is inextricably caught between the dichotomous forces of birth and death. The individual is recognisable throughout Opperman's work. Through man's intimate connection with water as a medium of birth and death, the individual or "enkeling" is also seen as the drowned figure or "drenkelingfiguur". Reference to this drowned figure carries the joint connotations of drowning or submergence and decline. The condition of decline indicates the disappearance of the drowning figure below the water-line or surface. Such alienation can also be brought about by means of other elements which can become the metaphorical equivalent of water as the medium of submergence.