Thesis (Ph.D.)--Marquette University, 2009. / Todd Campbell, Timothy Melchert, Michael Brondino, Advisors.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009. / Title from web page (viewed on Dec. 1, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1972. / "April 1972." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-97) Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--Scarman Centre for the Study of Public Order, University of Leicester in association with School of Professional and Continuing Education, University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61) Also available in print.

The purpose of this research was to determine empirically whether or not a pharmacologically based drug education program results in a change in the recipient's behavior and attitude with reference to potentially harmful drugs. A further objective of this research was to determine empirically whether or not a non-pharmacologically based human relationship program results in a change in the recipient's behavior and attitude with reference to potentially harmful drugs. A conceptual model for drug education utilizing four components was also developed. The sample consisted of 284 grade eight boys and girls in one Vancouver, B.C., high school of whom less than one-half were experimental and more than one-haIf were control. Of the 117 students in the experimental groups, fifty-five students, in two sexually segregated class groupings, were involved in the pharmacologically based drug education program. Sixty-two students in two sexually segregated class groupings were involved in the non-pharmacologically based human relationship program. The control group consisting of 167 students received the normal guidance and study block programs which did not include any form of drug education. A drug behavior questionnaire and a drug attitude semantic differential were developed for the pretest -postest control group design. An assumption central to the use of both instruments is that scores on the behavior questionnaire or the semantic differential scales which were considered to be evaluative can be taken as indicants of the respondent's actual behavior and attitudes with reference to the concepts relating to drugs. The pharmacologically based drug education program consisted of thirteen, one hour sessions of basic pharmacological and legal information transmitted by videotape productions, paper and pencil activities, large group discussions and pamphlets applicable to the basic cognitive data. The non-pharmacologically based human relationship program consisted of fifteen, one hour sessions of structured experiences and cognitive learning and was based on several psychological systems of thought. This program was prematurely terminated at the end of the fourth session. In the analysis of data, the Hotelling routine yielded the basic data for the thirty-eight variables of the drug behavior questionnaire and a student t statistic at the .05 level of significance was employed in determining between-group equivalance and the null hypotheses measured at postest. The Alberta General Factor Analysis Program yielded the basic data for the drug attitude semantic differential and one-way analyses of variance were employed on emerging concept structures in determining pretest between-group equivalence and the null hypotheses measured at postest. Missing data from the instruments were not scored at pretest nor at postest and it affected none of the computations. The pharmacologically based drug education program yielded non-statistically significant differences for the measured variables from the drug behavior questionnaire and a non-systematic mean difference effect as compared with the control group at postest. The non-pharmacologically based human relationship program yielded non-statistically significant differences for the measured variables from the drug behavior questionnaire and a systematic and negative (decrease) mean difference effect as compared with the control group at postest. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment recipients' drug-using and anti-establishment attitudes as measured by the postest drug attitude semantic differential between the pharmacologically based drug education program, the non-pharmacologically based human relationship program and the control group. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Ways in which regional college students perceive drug abuses, their levels of moral reasoning, their attitudes toward drug abuses and the interrelationships among these variables were investigated. The intent was to present this information on these variables in such a way that teachers involved in drug education could readily accommodate to these variables to facilitate learning. Multidimensional scaling, using the IKDSCAL model, was employed to determine the number of dimensions that would span perceptions of the drug abuses; to provide the saliences of each dimension; and to describe the qualitative nature of these perceptions. On analysis it was found that the perceptions were three-dimensional in nature and that, generally, the group only differentiated between cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol. The other drugs were grouped together. The test on moral reasoning placed this group well below the expected level, probably due to the inherent characteristics of this diverse group. The test on attitudes indicated unfavourableness toward drug abuses. On graphing the perceptions of drug abuses and levels of moral reasoning it was found that those students who demonstrated high levels of moral reasoning on the moral dilemmas test clustered highly on all dimensions. On the other hand, on graphing the perceptions of drug abuses and attitudes toward drug abuses the students who obtained the highest and the lowest scores on the attitude test did not exhibit any clustering on any of the dimensions. The results of this study stress the lack of discrimination between beneficial drugs and addictive, mind-destroying drugs. This distressing finding, plus the rather low levels of moral reasoning demonstrated by this group, indicates that a strong teaching program, comprising science classes on drug action and a component on the development of moral principles, is urgently required. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The abuse of narcotic drugs is an international problem in almost every respect, and as such requires international solutions. This thesis deals with both these questions. Since the last century, when the Sino-Indian opium trade thrived, the international trade in drugs has been of concern to the international community. After an introduction to the various types of narcotics and their properties, the history of drugs is reviewed, specifically with an eye to determining the factors which led to the creation of the international anti-narcotics movement. The international conferences on this subject, beginning with the Shanghai Opium Commission of 1909 and the Hague Opium Conferences several years later, were plagued with difficulties and conflicting objectives among the participants. The narcotics diplomacy which preceded the Second World War paved the way for current international action, but it also illustrated the problems inherent in international regulation. The modern drug problem, chiefly the abuse of heroin, is studiad and seen to be even more global than was the pre-World War II narcotics trade. The involvement of a greater number of states, both directly and indirectly, in the illicit drug traffic has been a stimulus to more vigorous international controls, but at the same time it has proved more difficult to enforce existing agreements throughout the international system. To an extent these difficulties can be attributed to the nature of the problem itself, as well as to conditions existing in a number of states, but essentially it would seem that the illicit narcotics trade continues to flourish because of the nature of the international system in which it operates. Thus a paradox can be seen the drug problem cannot be solved on a purely national level and hence international solutions must be adopted, but these solutions are also fated to face obstacles from the very start. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

M.A.(Social Work) / In South Africa very few facilities exist for the treatment of chemical substance dependency, and-many chemically dependent persons who, because of work and family commitments cannot admit themselves to a long-term inpatient government or registered treatment facility, are deprived of an opportunity to receive appropriate treatment for their condition. Riverfield Lodge, a private treatment centre, was designed and built to meet the need for a shorter-term intensive inpatient treatment programme for individuals and their families whose physical, psychological and social functioning, and work performance have become impaired as a result of their abuse of psychoactive chemical substances. Realizing the responsibility to be accountable both to the clients served and to the funding agents of this project, the need for an accountable empirically-based treatment programme which can be used at Riverfield Lodge was identified. This study was undertaken with the aim to develop a short-term treatment programme for chemically dependent persons in a therapeutic community, based on research findings and a literature study of already existing intervention strategies (social technology) and treatment programmes. This study is undertaken within the practice-research paradigma- - a new perspective which calls for social workers to adopt systematic research procedures to shape, direct and monitor their practice activities (in this case the treatment of chemically dependent persons), and (since theultimate aim of this study is to design new social technology) Development research, a relatively new research model 'that was designed by Edwin Thomas, is used as research design. In order to ascertain whether the treatment of chemically dependent persons is necessary and successful, and to identify and determine which treatment methods are most effective when treating chemical substance dependency, vailable literature on the treatment of chemical substance dependency was studied. Based on the finding of this investigation, a short-term treatment programme was designed. Although this programme was designed on request of the Management of Riverfield Lodge, it can also be adapted and used by any other praciitioners who render treatment services to persons who are addicted to chemical substances. The Riverfield Lodge treatment programme takes an holistic approach to treating the individual, rather than treating the symptoms. Symptomatic treatment of drug dependency is rarely successful, and this treatment programme provides for the' physical restoration, resocialization and psychological integration of the dependent individual and those close to him. It entails improvement in physical and social functioning, self image, self esteem, interpersonal relationships, positive family interaction and productivity, the establishment and attainment of realistic life goals, and a healthy lifestyle adjustment without chemical substances. Treatment at Riverfield Lodge will be rendered in a therapeutic community, and medical treatment, individual psychotherapy and social work intervention, group work, behaviour modification, occupational therapy and family therapy will be used as treatment methods. The importance of continuing, prolonged aftercare is emphasized, and post-discharge support services and follow-up counselling will be provided. Based on research findings it is recommended that, although a general treatment programme has been developed, it is imperative to assess every patient individually to determine which combination of the available forms of treatment methods are best suited in the case concerned. It is likely that in the individual suffering from chemical substance dependence, a number of interacting predisposing and precipitating factors have been at work to produce the condition which itself in turn produces physical, psychological, emotional and social changes. For these reasons it is unlikely that one and the same method of treatment would be effective for every individual case. Finally it is emphasised that the treatment of chemical substance dependency is not the prerogative or the responsibility of one profession. The multi-dimensional nature of this social problem necessitates the participation of a multi-disciplinary team of trained and skilled professionals in the treatment process. In addition the dependents family and friend, his employer and colleagues and other support systems have to work in close co-operation with the multi-professional team to achieve the best possible results. This short term, twenty eight day inpatient treatment programme will hopefully offer an extensive and comprehensive foundation for recovery from chemical substance dependence, and combined with long term aftercare treatment programmes, it is expected to make a significant contribution to the alcohol and drug treatment field in South Africa.

Note: