A study of data from 85 undergraduate and graduate students involved in church youth groups revealed a significant relationship between degree of religious belief and drug using behavior and attitudes. Highly religious subjects disapproved of drinking alcoholic beverages and used cigarettes and alcohol less than subjects professing lower religiosity. Protestant subjects had more negative attitudes and less personal use of tobacco and alcohol than Catholics. Similar findings pertaining to drug using behavior and attitudes were reported between groups for all other substances.

The purpose of this study is four-fold: (1) to test delinquency theories in social settings that vary by their degree of religiousness; (2) to determine whether delinquency causal processes vary according to the nature of religious ecology; (3) to assess whether variation exists in the rates and types of adolescent offenses committed in these settings; and (4) whether these offenses are a response to unique influences in each context. Religious ecology is measured by tapping a dimension of school religious characteristics, including a school's level of religiousness and a school's religious group composition. Adolescent boys who are exposed to the confines of schools that are predominantly irreligious or disproportionately low in orthodoxy are significantly more likely to engage in delinquency than boys from more moral or highly orthodox schools. Experiences in fundamentalist reference groups also protects youngsters against engaging in substance use episodes, including harmful drugs such as cocaine. These patterns are independent of demographic characteristics such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, family size and community size. To account for religious ecological differences in problem behavior, strain and control theories of delinquency are tested. These testing procedures reveal little support for processes advocated by strain theorists. Not only is structural and interactionist induced strain not correlated with delinquency and substance use, but discrepancies between cultural expectations and perceived realization of these goals do not lead to psychosocial frustration and tension, as implied in many strain models. Control models more aptly account for delinquency and substance use variation in various religious climates, but the strength of religious, school, and family effects varies with the type of offense and the measure of religious ecology. If we measure religious ecology by the nature of denominational composition, religiosity has a uniform effect on delinquency. However, religiosity's effect in settings that vary by religious level is to more strongly inhibit chronic offending in secular disorganized communities. Involvement in delinquency and substance use is probabilistically less likely in moral and highly orthodox settings because religion's social expression is stronger, the broken home phenomenon is weaker and potentially harmful school behaviors and attitudes are unrelated to delinquency in these settings.

Tsen Wai Sing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 307-317). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Content --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Section I: --- Theoretical models and Research Issues of Drug Addiction / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Theoretical models of Drug Addiction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- The concepts of ´بDrug Addiction' --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Moral Model --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Disease Model --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Psychoanalytic Approach --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Social Learning Model --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Socio-cultural Model --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Cognitive Model --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Identity Model --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Symbolic Interactionism on ´بDeviant Identity´ة: Self, Identity and Transformation" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Five Central roles of Symbolic Interactionism --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Nature of Self --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- "Self-Communication, Self-perception, Self-Control and Identity" --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Symbolic Interactionism in the study of 'Drug Addiction' --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Research Issues on 'Drug Addiction' --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- The ´بMyth´ة of Addiction --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- ´بAddiction´ة as a Social and Contextual ´بLabel，？ --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Paradox of ´بScientific，evidence on drug addiction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- ´بAddictive Substance' vs. 'Non-Addictive Substance' --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Craving and Withdrawal: 'Have to' vs. ´بWant to' --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Very Nature of Drug Problem --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5 --- A Theoretical basis for the Research Concern on Religious Discourses in formulating Addicts ´ة Identity --- p.41 / Chapter Section II: --- General Figure of Local Youth Drug Abuse and Drug Rehabilitation / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Present Situation of Youth Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- General Historical Background of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- Recent Trend of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- Recent Youth Drug Addiction Profile - the Rise of Psychotropic Substances --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4 --- Youth Attitudes on Drug Addiction --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5 --- Rave Culture' and Psychotropic Drugs Addiction --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6 --- Cross Border Drug Addiction in Youth Community --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation - Principles and Practices --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Treatment Goals in Rehabilitation --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ultimate Goal of Treatment: Recovery --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3 --- Major Treatment Modes --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Detoxification --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Outpatient Drug-free Treatment --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Self-help Groups --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Methadone Maintenance --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Residential Treatment --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Treatments and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Methadone Treatment Program in Hong Kong --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Compulsory Drug Treatment Scheme --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Voluntary Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Substance Abuse Clinics --- p.73 / Chapter 5.5 --- Religion-based Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation --- p.73 / Chapter Section III: --- Lifestyle Changes in the Research Field / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Research Field and Methodology --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1 --- Why study Christianity drug rehabilitation? --- p.76 / Chapter 6.2 --- Why choosing the Christian New Being Fellowship (CNBF)? --- p.78 / Chapter 6.3 --- Getting into the field --- p.79 / Chapter 6.4 --- Basic Information about Christian New Being Fellowship --- p.81 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Historical Background of the CNBF --- p.82 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Treatment Stages in the CNBF --- p.83 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Training Programs in the CNBF --- p.86 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Recently development of anti-drug campaign in the CNBF --- p.87 / Chapter 6.5 --- Methodology --- p.88 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Participant Observation --- p.91 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- In-depth Interviews: the CNBF trainees --- p.95 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- "In-depth Interviews: Ex-addicts helper, preacher and social workers" --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Getting Started --- p.99 / Chapter 7.1 --- ´بBartering，-the Start --- p.99 / Chapter 7.2 --- Detoxification period - Involuntary Stay in Rehabilitation Camp --- p.102 / Chapter 7.3 --- ´بScheduled life´ة in the CNBF --- p.104 / Chapter 7.4 --- Life with Limited Resources --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- A Dull Life --- p.112 / Chapter 8.1 --- ´بStandardization´ة of living --- p.113 / Chapter 8.2 --- Detachment from Outside World --- p.114 / Chapter 8.3 --- Jail is better than here！´ة --- p.116 / Chapter 8.4 --- ´بNo more pretty girls!' --- p.118 / Chapter 8.5 --- ´بBeware of what you speak！´ة --- p.121 / Chapter 8.6 --- Religious Practices - the core hardness? --- p.122 / Chapter 8.7 --- Responsibilities in Everyday life --- p.125 / Chapter 8.8 --- ´بWe can tackle...´ة --- p.127 / Chapter Section IV: --- Discursive Strategy in the Rehabilitation Camp / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Ways to Tackle --- p.129 / Chapter 9.1 --- ´بYou are not in-group！， --- p.129 / Chapter 9.2 --- To be a member of the ´بin-group， --- p.135 / Chapter 9.3 --- Ways to Tackle --- p.138 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- The main principle: Identify ´بWho can help?， --- p.139 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- A Preliminary Try: How to get the body care products I want? --- p.140 / Chapter 9.3.3 --- "´بYou can get cigarettes, soft drinks and cup noodles here!'" --- p.141 / Chapter 9.3.4 --- The technique of smoking in the CNBF --- p.142 / Chapter 9.3.5 --- Singing pop songs - A ´بsoft´ة way of tackle and opposition --- p.143 / Chapter 9.3.6 --- To get contact with outside world --- p.144 / Chapter 9.3.7 --- Tackle with the boring assembly and biblical studies --- p.144 / Chapter 9.3.8 --- Last way to tackle: Run Away! --- p.145 / Chapter 9.4 --- Ways to Tackle: An 'Underground Community' threatens the Fellowship Health --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- In Response to Jesus --- p.149 / Chapter 10.1 --- The 'Underground Community' --- p.150 / Chapter 10.2 --- Study of Discourses in rehabilitation camp --- p.152 / Chapter 10.3 --- Theoretical Perspective in Discourse Analysis in Drug Rehabilitation Camp --- p.154 / Chapter 10.4 --- John Booth Davies (1997): Drugspeak --- p.156 / Chapter 10.5 --- Typology of Discourses in rehabilitation camp --- p.159 / Chapter 10.5.1 --- Let it go' discourse --- p.161 / Chapter 10.5.2 --- Destiny' discourse --- p.162 / Chapter 10.5.3 --- ´بFlexibility´ة discourse --- p.163 / Chapter 10.5.4 --- ´بGet through' discourse --- p.164 / Chapter 10.6 --- A Shrinking Private Space --- p.166 / Chapter 10.7 --- Possible explanation of the 'Ways to Tackle' --- p.167 / Chapter Section V: --- The Multiple Meanings of Drug Addiction / Chapter Chapter 11 --- Heroin，vs. “Non-heroin，Drug Experience --- p.173 / Chapter 11.1 --- Brief Review about the ten trainee informants --- p.176 / Chapter 11.2 --- Descriptions of 'Heroin' and 'Non-heroin' drug experience --- p.178 / Chapter 11.3 --- Descriptions on 'pleasant' effect of drugs --- p.180 / Chapter 11.4 --- The presence / absence of 'Withdrawal' symptoms --- p.181 / Chapter 11.5 --- The descriptions of 'Addiction' --- p.185 / Chapter 11.6 --- Non-volitional vs. Volitional nature of drug use --- p.187 / Chapter 11.7 --- ´بPhysiological Addiction'(身癮）vs. ´بPsychological Addiction' (心癮） --- p.190 / Chapter 11.8 --- Functional use vs. Non-functional use of drugs --- p.193 / Chapter 11.9 --- Positive vs. Negative attitude towards past drug experience --- p.196 / Chapter 11.10 --- Challenges to the Christianity Discourse --- p.199 / Chapter Chapter 12 --- The Meanings of 'Drug Addiction' --- p.202 / Chapter 12.1 --- The meanings of ´بDrug， --- p.203 / Chapter 12.1.1 --- ´بDrug´ة as the means of 'normal habitual use' --- p.204 / Chapter 12.1.2 --- Drug' is not necessarily 'harmful' --- p.206 / Chapter 12.1.3 --- ´بDrug，is only 'Devil' when it refers to ´بHeroin´ة --- p.208 / Chapter 12.2 --- The meanings of ´بAddiction´ة --- p.211 / Chapter 12.2.1 --- The definitions of 'Psychological Addiction' --- p.212 / Chapter 12.2.2 --- ´بAddiction，means 'Physical Dependence' and 'Withdrawal' --- p.216 / Chapter 12.2.3 --- ´بHeroin addiction´ة is the real ´بAddiction´ة --- p.217 / Chapter 12.2.4 --- "´بHeroin Addiction´ة is 'Sinful', but 'Psychological Addiction' is not" --- p.219 / Chapter 12.3 --- The preferred meaning of ´بDrug Addiction' --- p.221 / Chapter Chapter 13 --- The Practices of 'Love' and “Heal， --- p.223 / Chapter 13.1 --- Presenting the 'Love，and ´بHeal´ة --- p.225 / Chapter 13.1.1 --- Christianity as ´بa whole lifestyle change' --- p.226 / Chapter 13.1.2 --- Building up a ´بRole Model' --- p.228 / Chapter 13.1.3 --- Health and Legal Appeal --- p.230 / Chapter 13.1.4 --- ´بPrayer´ة as the most explicit demonstration --- p.232 / Chapter 13.1.5 --- ´بHuman Sin' and ´بHeal´ة as the core concept of Christianity --- p.233 / Chapter 13.2 --- Oppositional attitudes towards the Christianity --- p.237 / Chapter 13.2.1 --- Christianity as the set of ´بRules and Regulations' --- p.237 / Chapter 13.2.2 --- Christianity as ´بtoo mystic' --- p.239 / Chapter 13.2.3 --- Christianity as a ´بFunctional tool' for 'survival' --- p.240 / Chapter 13.2.4 --- Opposition to Health Appeal --- p.241 / Chapter 13.2.5 --- Oppositions to the Discourse of ´بSin' --- p.242 / Chapter 13.3 --- Christianity Discourse and ´بOut-dated Heroin Discourse' --- p.244 / Chapter 13.4 --- Christianity still functions --- p.249 / Chapter Chapter 14 --- Summary and Conclusion -Volitional Nature of Drug Use in New Generation --- p.253 / Chapter 14.1 --- Summary --- p.253 / Chapter 14.2 --- Symbolic Interactionsim and the Social Self --- p.263 / Chapter 14.3 --- Major Findings on 'Drug Addiction' --- p.266 / Chapter 14.4 --- Answers to Research Questions --- p.268 / Chapter 14.5 --- Limitations --- p.271 / Chapter 14.6 --- Implications --- p.273 / Appendix I - Socio-demographic profile of trainee informants and interview report --- p.278 / Appendix II 一 Socio-demographic profiles of the CNBF guides informants and interview report --- p.291 / Appendix III - A Selected Glossary of the CNBF trainees --- p.299 / Appendix VI - Interview schedule for the trainees informants --- p.301 / Appendix V - Interview schedule for the CNBF guides --- p.303 / Bibliography --- p.307

Ho-Yee Ng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 597-642). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.