No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The study described in this thesis was designed to investigate the use of Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) chromatography alone, or in combination with physiochemical descriptors, for predicting intestinal drug absorption in humans. / Thesis (MApSc(Pharmacy) )--University of South Australia, 2007.

Australian marsupials are unique fauna that have evolved and adapted to unique environments and thus it is likely that their detoxification systems differ considerably from those of well studied eutherian mammals. This poses a problem in applying data from metabolic studies with eutherians to marsupials. Knowledge of these processes in marsupials is therefore vital to understanding the consequences of exposure to xenobiotics. As a result, there is a clear need for improved understanding of the metabolic capabilities of Australian marsupials, particularly at the molecular level. The current PhD candidature therefore focused on characterising the important xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme superfamily, cytochrome P450, with particular emphasis on the CYP3A subfamily, in Australian marsupials, namely koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and the Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). / Expression of CYP3A-like protein using hepatic microsomes was detected by western blot analysis in all four marsupial species studied. Female koalas were observed to express higher levels of CYP3A-like protein than male koalas. CYP3A activity for each marsupial species was determined in hepatic microsomes using erythromycin, a known human CYP3A4 substrate. Erythromycin N-demethylation activity was detected in all marsupial hepatic microsomes, with highest activity observed in koala. Koalas displayed gender differences in activity with female koalas showing a significant 2-fold increase. Inhibition studies with troleandomycin showed decreased erythromycin activity in both female and male koalas. Erythromycin activity in wallaby and kangaroo microsomes was notably lower than observed in koala. No gender differentiation was noted in wallaby or kangaroo. This observed difference in CYP3A activity between species may be indicative of the koala's eucalyptus diet. / Full-length CYP3A cDNAs were isolated from both koala and Eastern grey kangaroo. These clones are the first CYP3A sequences to be cloned from any marsupial species. Given the significant role that CYP3A enzymes play in the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous compounds, these clones provide an important step in elucidating the metabolic capacity of marsupials. / The CYP2C subfamily was also investigated in koala using two previously cloned CYP2C members, CYP2C47 and CYP2C48. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to engineer the CYP2C48 cDNA into a suitable form for expression. Stable cell lines were generated for both CYP2C and CYP3A full-length cDNAs using a mammalian expression system. These cell lines were used to determine catalytic activity of the marsupial CYPs. / Multiple protein alignments were used to identify substrate recognition sites and critical residues involved in the metabolism of a variety of substrates. Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the CYP3A clones has highlighted important species-specific features, for example a Thr residue at position 119 which has only been found in a limited number of species, including koala, and has been shown to influence steroid metabolism. / Modelling of all marsupial CYP2C and CYP3A full-length cDNAs and phylogenetic analysis of all known marsupial cDNA sequences was performed. These studies highlight the need for inclusion of marsupial information when assessing mammalian evolution. / Collectively, the work presented here provides valuable insights into the marsupial CYP2C and CYP3A subfamilies and highlights the significance of species differences in xenobiotic metabolism. / Thesis (PhDPharmacy)--University of South Australia, 2005.

This paper reviews the published literature on the role of pharmacoeconomics for the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacoeconomics is analysed as a part of decision processes at several stages of drug development and drug marketing. The review is focused on the practices of the application of pharmacoeconomics in various countries in Europe. In particular, the drivers for the development of pharmacoeconomics within the pharmaceutical companies are described. Investments made by companies with respect to the pharmacoeconomic function in terms of personnel and budgets are derived. / Results of literature analysis show, that much is published about the rationale for pharmacoeconomics, and the strength and weakness of different methods used. However there is limited published about the strategic component of pharmacoeconomics from the view of the pharmaceutical industry in Europe and the conclusions drawn from the external influence on pricing and reimbursement on investment and resource allocation into the pharmacoeconomic function. In spite of these restrictions it can be concluded, that the published data show an increasing importance of the pharmacoeconomic function in the pharmaceutical companies in Europe. / Faced with the enormous increase of publications of pharmacoeconomic studies in the last years there is little doubt, that these evaluations are mainly sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry although exact figures are not available. Around 19% of the companies outsourced at least 75% of their budget for pharmacoeconomic evaluations. The pharmacoeconomic staff level tended to increase substantially with company size although the amount of budget is still quite small. About 1% of pharmaceutical research and development was spent for the pharmacoeconomic function. It can be expected that within Europe the pharmacoeconomic function will continue to grow importance in the pharmaceutical industry in the next years. / Thesis (PhDBusinessAdministration)--University of South Australia, 2003.

Thesis (MNurs)--University of South Australia, 1999

Thesis (M Nursing)--University of South Australia, 1996

Thesis (PhD) -- University of South Australia, 1998.

The study described in this thesis was designed to investigate the use of Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) chromatography alone, or in combination with physiochemical descriptors, for predicting intestinal drug absorption in humans.