Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Bibliography: leaves 96-100. / M.Arch.

Summary: Chapter 1. Cultural continuity and the archaeologist's use of ethnographic analogy. There can be no doubt of the usefulness to New Zealand archaeologists of the confident knowledge that only Polynesians occupied this country, and that they did so for only a comparatively short time. While arguments for Melanesian or Western Polynesian cultural influence, or even a three or four thousand year time span may be noted, the widely held view of cultural continuity and a date for initial settlement perhaps a little more than a thousand years ago, is of crucial importance to the way archaeologists in this country view their primary information. This thesis explores the implications of the �confidence in the continuity of culture� by employing the �direct historical� ethnographic analogy. In addition, this work is also concerned with the �general comparative� ethnographic analogy. The difference between the terms �direct historical� and �general comparative� is significant not only for the variety of methods employed, but also because of the distinctiveness of their limitations. The �direct historical� analogy can be used only when there is demonstrable or assumed direct cultural continuity between archaeological information - the prehistoric group - and the ethnographic analogue. �General comparative� analogy draws upon a wide variety of cultural and behavioural models to generate hypotheses and interpretations of value to the archaeologist. Ascher (1961) restricts his �new analogy� to those archaeological areas for which historical continuity to the ethnographic present cannot be demonstrated. It is clear, however, that the concept of the general comparative analogy is more useful: it is frequently valuable to draw on a wide range of ethnographic observations and generalisations to reinforce particular historical analogues, and to offer interpretations for archaeological data for which there is no direct ethnographic insight. The problems of ethnographic analogy have recently come under some scrutiny. This examination involves what is perhaps the central methodological and theoretical issue for archaeology: the relation of excavated data to whatever model or framework is used in interpretation. A major result of this new look at the ethnographic analogy is the recognition that ethnographic observations do not provide the only source of interpretative hypotheses. A more eclectic approach is now favoured and ecology and the behavioural sciences are explored for insight into archaeological data, while systems theory and other frameworks are used in analysis. For example, Anderson (1973) uses a competition model developed by ecologists to explain changes in size frequency and species composition in four stratified midden sites. Clearly the notion that archaeology depends on ethnographic analogy for interpretation is no longer tenable. None the less, ethnographic analogy does remain the most important single source of interpretative models for archaeology...

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DX185083.

Thesis (M.S.P.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004. / Title from title page screen (viewed May 17, 2004). Thesis advisor: Bruce Tonn. Document formatted into pages (ix, 85 p. : ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-312).

A large amount of garden residential blocks were built in Shanghai in the 1930’s, which manifested the real estate surge of that time. These villas, which used to serve a single family (mainly for foreign expats in Shanghai), however, have been changed dramatically through the time, both socially and physically. Many of these old villas experienced the take over and invasion in the war time, process of socialization and subdivision in the 1950s and the chaotic period during the Cultural Revolution. The intricate property right situations and over-ridden housing condition make adaptive reuse difficult. Columbia Circle, as one of the most outstanding but obscure garden residential estates serving for foreign expats originally, mainly planned and constructed between 1928 and 1932 in succession, is a unique example to show the transition of the garden residential blocks in Shanghai. This thesis will focus on “Columbia Circle” to study the tracing of changes of its social fabric between the 1930’s and nowadays. Based on the historic study of the development plan and and current field survey, the research focuses on two aspects of the transition: one is the demographic composition of the community and the way of life; the other is the way of use of the villas and their property statues. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation