Corantes são utilizados na coloração de diferentes substratos, incluindo papel, couro e plásticos, mas o uso mais importante é o têxtil e 1 a 5% destes corantes podem ser descartados no ambiente. Em geral, os corantes do tipo azo são tóxicos para os organismos aquáticos e alguns tipos de corantes podem ser mais tóxicos que outros. Mas, embora estes compostos e seus produtos de transformação reduzidos e/ou clorados podem ser encontrados no ecossistema aquáticos, não existem dados sobre genotoxicidade em organismos aquáticos até o momento. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que avaliar danos ao DNA representa um biomarcador de exposição muito sensível em espécies aquáticas, que pode ser estudado utilizando ensaios in vivo e in vitro, como no caso das linhagens de células de peixe. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a ocorrência de corantes dispersos em amostras ambientais; avaliar a mutagenicidade dessas amostras utilizando o ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma com as linhagens TA98 e YG1041, e a genotoxicidade com o ensaio do cometa em culturas celulares de peixe RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS foi utilizada para verificar a ocorrência de corantes em amostras do Rio Piracicaba à montante e à jusante do Ribeirão Quilombo e do descarte de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE), localizados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram detectados seis corantes dispersos nas amostras de águas superficiais e efluentes. O corante Disperse Red 1 foi o composto mais frequente, detectado em 8 das 16 amostras, porém sua contribuição para a mutagenicidade total foi baixa; os corantes Disperse Blue 373 e Disperse Violet 93 foram os que mais contribuíram. A genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba, avaliada pelo ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma e ensaio do cometa, aumentou após o lançamento do Ribeirão Quilombo e do efluente ETE, mostrando uma possível contribuição destes na genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba. / Dyes are used in the coloration of different substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but the most important use is on textiles and 1 to 5% of these dyes might be lost into the environment. Azo dyes are the most important class, accounting for over 50% of all commercial dyes, and this class has been the most studied. In general, azo dyes are toxic to aquatic organisms and some types of dyes are more toxic than others. But although these compounds as well as their reduced/chlorinated transformation products can be found in aquatic ecosystems, no mutagenicity data are available until now in aquatic organisms. This remark remains of value, as well, regarding genotoxicity potential of such dyes towards aquatic organisms. Many studies have demonstrated that DNA damage measurement represents a very sensitive biomarker of exposure in aquatic species that can be studied both in vivo and in vitro using for example fish cell lines. The objectives of this work were evaluate the occurrence of disperse dyes in environmental samples; evaluate the mutagenicity of this samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98 and YG1041; evaluate the genotoxicity using the comet assay with fish cell lines RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS was used to verify the occurrence of dyes in samples of Piracicaba River upstream and downstream the discharge of Quilombo River and Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Six dyes were detected in samples of water and effluents. Disperse Red 1 dye was detected in 8 of 16 samples, but its contribution for the mutagenicity was low. Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 were the major contributors for the mutagenicity found in the samples. The genotoxicity of Piracicaba River, evaluated with Salmonella/microsome assay and comet assay, increased after the discharges of Quilombo River and the effluent of WWTP, showing a contribution of this discharges on the river genotoxicity.

Thesis. 1978. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / Sc.D.

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No description available.

A set of three benzophenoxazine dyes, two completely soluble and one partially soluble in aqueous media, has been prepared and their spectroscopic properties examined. These dyes can be used as either donor or acceptor in synthesis of through-bond energy transfer cassettes. Structural modifications prevented aggregation in water and improved their fluorescence properties in water. Their absorption and emission were studied in both organic and aqueous media. Two of the three dyes have superior quantum yields in aqueous media as compared to other reported dyes. Improved quantum yield makes these dyes attractive candidates for biological studies in aqueous media. We have also prepared alkynes and iodo derivatives of benzophenoxazines, which can be used for synthesis of water-soluble, through-bond, energy transfer cassettes. Alkynes were prepared via Sonogashira coupling.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1936. / Bibliography: leaf 116.

No description available.

Thermochromic materials undergo temperature-dependent colour changes. Although there are several origins of thermochromism, two distinct types of thermochromism are common in thermochromic mixtures. Melt-lightened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture decreases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated with colour loss upon mixture melting. Melt-darkened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture increases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated conversion from a decoloured solid state to a coloured melt. Three-component thermochromic systems generally consist of a leuco dye (minor component), a phenolic colour developer (intermediate component), and a high melting-point organic solvent (dominant component). In these systems, the colouring behaviour is controlled by competing binary interactions, with the dye:developer interaction responsible for colour formation and the developer:solvent interaction responsible for colour erasure. In the present study, three-component mixtures composed of CVL (dye), long-chain alkyl gallates (phenolic developer), and long-chain alkyl alcohols (long-chain solvent) were examined. The thermochromic behaviour (i.e., melt-lightened vs. melt-darkened thermochromism) of these mixtures was examined as a function of the matching of the alkyl chain length of the gallate developer and alcohol solvent. When the alkyl chain lengths were well matched, the developer:solvent interaction dominated in the solid state and melt-darkened thermochromism was observed. When the alkyl chain lengths were poorly matched, the dye:developer interaction dominated in the solid state, and melt-lightened thermochromism was observed. The colour density of the molten state was determined by the developer:dye molar ratio, with high molar ratios yielding coloured melts and low molar ratios yielding decoloured melts. Additional studies employing chemically dissimilar developers and solvents (e.g., bisphenol A with 1-hexadecanol) yielded mixtures that displayed optimal melt-lightened thermochromism. The high solid-state colour density due to weak developer:solvent interactions provides further evidence that competing binary interactions are responsible for the colouring behaviour observed for three-component thermochromic systems. Ternary thermochromic phase diagrams were used to define compositional regions of optimal thermochromic behaviour (i.e., high colour contrast), providing a useful experimental tool for the rapid identification of ideal sample compositions. Additionally, an examination of the properties of thermally erasable ink-jet printer inks was carried out during the present study. / An assessment of the thermochromic behaviour of three-component chemical systems comprising a colour-changing leuco dye, an electron-accepting phenolic developer, and a long-chain alkyl alcohol solid solvent.

No description available.

No description available.