I have examined the conditions for participation in an opera masquerade. Theoretical support has been found in Michail Bachtin, Richard Schechner and Judith Butler. The main study object has been a masquerade organised by the workers of The Royal Opera of Stockholm in 1925. The masquerade is examined as a social practise with distinct aesthetic framing. The analysis shows that the opera masquerade share some characteristics with the medieval carnival culture as described by Bachtin, but differ in many ways as well. It is easy to place the opera masquerade within the concept performance as discussed by Schechner, since it is framed in time, space and make use of certain social agreements. A look at the architecture shows that physical and social border between the stage and the auditorium had to be dissolved to let opera viewers become opera masquerade participants. Using Butler I discuss how the masquerade could challenge as well as preserve traditional gender structures.

The aim of the study was to investigate nurses’ perception about patients’ participation in medicine treatment and how to make the patient participate. A qualitative method was used and six nurses were interviewed. The nurses’ perceptions of patients’ participation in medicine treatment were characterized especially by patients having good knowledge about their medicines. Therefore, the nurses considered it important to be well-informed about the effect of the medicines. Furthermore, everyone believed that giving information on the basis of the patient’s knowledge-level and answering questions from the patient were important nursing care. The result was considered a less anxiety and more satisfied patient who is compliant to medicine prescription, so that unnecessary hospital admissions could be avoided. However, information is occasionally followed-up. Other measures were to explain and give motivation for treatment. The nurse is available to the patient and notices effects of the treatment that can be drawn to the doctor’s attention. The way to communicate and cooperate with the patient is considered important but dialogue is not common and sometimes the patient’s opinion is not requested. Moreover, it happens that the nurses prove to have a paternalistic attitude. Obstacles that were mentioned were lackof time, dementia, certain diseases and urgent situations. The nurses meant that respect should be shown if patients do not want to participate. Conclusion: The patient participation and influence ought to be strengthening by the nurses’ attitude of the advantage that the patient participates in his own care. Wrong approach by the nurses need to be changed in favour of patients influence. Besides, all leaders at all levels in the healthcare sector, need to be organized in order to facilitate patient participation of the best quality.

Youth-adult partnerships are collaborations between adults and youth in the decision-making and planning processes. When adults enable youth to be a part of the decision-making and planning processes, youth voice, empowerment, and participation become important tools for facilitating engagement. Better understanding these processes can be beneficial for practitioners and programmers. Incorporating these tools increases support and opportunity for youth developmental benefits and increases program retention rates. This thesis focuses on better understanding the relationship between youth voice, empowerment, and participation and critical factors in developing youth engagement and utilizing the power of adult-youth partnerships in youth development. A preliminary model of Systematic Degree of Engagement specifying the relationship between youth voice, empowerment, and participation has been developed and discussed. One of the key issues in developing the model has been that existing literature has rarely made distinctions between voice, empowerment, and participation. The terms have been used interchangeably and, when distinctions have been made, overlaps between the terms have not been fully explored. Therefore, this thesis built on existing literature by defining distinctions among these constructs. After distinctions between concepts were made a model was derived: Systematic Degree of Engagement. From this research, program designers are able to develop programs and assess existing programs that foster youth engagement. Researchers benefit from this thesis in understanding the distinctions in voice, empowerment, participation, and engagement. The findings of this thesis are the distinctions in terminology of voice, empowerment, participation, and engagement; as well as, a model illustrating these terms independence and inter-relatedness.

The Dual-Ladders system of Community Planners and Community Architects was established and propelled by the public works department of the Kaohsiung city government in 2002; it has been almost 2 years. Based on the basic principles of ¡§Bottom-up¡¨ and ¡§Community Independence¡¨ created by the whole community and driven by the current head of the public works department, Mr. Chin-Rong Lin, with the citizen participation in environment planning and reworks, it encourages the involvement of local community planners/community architects to proceed with the system of space problems diagnose and material space reworks plans. This study is to cite the Community Veranda plan pushed by the City of Kaohsiung as an example. In 2002, this plan produced five pieces of work representing the five administrative districts. Starting from September of 2003, these pieces completed one after another. These pieces were the signature pieces of the first anniversary of the Community Planners /Community Architects system in Kaohsiung. Based on this operation model and the working attitudes and the levels of satisfaction of the participating community planners and community architects toward this system, explore and discuss the major issues, such as the participation motives, role identifications, volunteer frequency, system establishment, interaction, difficult situations, and future developments. In addition, for the problems such as the special needs of local environments, the understandings of the system, the role definitions for the professionals, the differentiation of job responsibilities, the self-examination of professional ethics, the interactions among the professionals, and the interaction/integration of government agencies, use the research methods such as document reviews, case analysis and in-depth interviews, to further discover the problems within, to explore the directions for improvements and to guide the strategies for the future development of the system. This study shows that the levels of involvements of the community planners/community architects dropped after their initial participation. The reasons are mostly the practical concerns of personal interests. Besides, the construction industry shows signs of recovery, therefore the demands for these professionals increase. There is a lot of similarity between the expectations for the professionals from the system and the role identifications of the average professionals. There should be differentiation and cooperation for the two systems. Most professionals have the same way of volunteering, but it is not frequent enough. Overall, the professionals think that ¡§Bottom-up¡¨ and ¡§Community Independence¡¨ are beyond reach at this moment and there are many issues of the system need to be addressed. On top of that, lack of trainings, the mere formality of checkpoint mechanism, much needed improvement of the interactions between the professionals and the government agencies, and no leading agency for integration are also the causes for the poor operations and many obstacles of the system.

The electoral system has already become the important foundation of modern democratic politics; the following one is to expand political participation day by day. Democratic theories have attended the political participation of the masses in the past, which is to say that the discussions of electoral right and meaning, so that candidate qualification have not been discuss clearly. There is a delicate relation of political participation between political equal in candidate qualifications: The candidate qualification is set up to ensure the equal of political participation¡H Or causes the unequal participation? Those questions are not easy to say. This thesis thinks that the various degree candidate qualifications will have make different meaning of poltical participation and political equality, and it reflects different democratic meaning too, even improving the qualification is a result of authoritarian regimes. Because it lacked to research candidate qualifications in the past, this thesis attempted to be the first visited study of candidate qualifications. So two research face in this thesis: First, designing the model of candidate qualifications, political participate and political equality as distinguishing the index, and annotating the meaning of candidate qualifications under the democratic system or authoritarian regimes. Second, the case study of Taiwan: studying on the change of candidate qualifications and analyzing the qualifications of sex and academic background by that former model in this thesis. Finally, I believe it can reinterpretation and confer democracy by the studying on the change of candidate qualification.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit--Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 469-554. Index.

Texte abrégé et remanié de: Dissertation--Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft--Bochum--Ruhr-Universität, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 243-268. Index.

Thesis--Åbo Akademi University, 2006. / Notes bibliogr.

Texte remanié de: Th. D. dissertation--Harvard divinity school. / Bibliogr. p. 199-209.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Histoire : Lyon 2 : 2003. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. Notes bibliogr. Répertoire biogr.