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Doctor of Philosophy / Electric scooters, or e-scooters, have become an increasingly popular form of transportation over the recent years. However, there have been numerous reports of safety concerns, crashes, and injuries for e-scooter riders and other road users as a result of e-scooter misuse. Until recently, very little formal research has been conducted on the safety of this micromobility solution. This dissertation describes a series of studies that have investigated the contributing factors to safety concerns and identified countermeasures, such as policy recommendations, design optimization, and training, that can be implemented with an end goal of improving e-scooter safety.

This project is a proposal on the versatile use of glass, its properties and technologies as well as its aesthetic qualities. A photovoltaic charging station for electric scooters is proposed for the Virginia Tech campus, combined with a bus shelter to allow mobility and integration of transportation. / Master of Science

Electric mobility scooters are increasing in popularity and are used extensively by individuals with mobility impairments to conduct activities of daily living. Scientific literature on the safety and efficacy of scooters in winter conditions is sparse and the current technical standards for scooters do not mandate testing in these conditions. This study paves the way for more rigorous standard testing by: 1) Describing a novel, motion-capture based method to quantify the tractive performance of scooters; 2) Describing methods to create a wide variety of simulated winter conditions; 3) Presenting pilot-test results of a scooter driven in these winter conditions. The outcomes of this study are significant because it is the first study to evaluate the performance of a scooter in winter conditions. Furthermore, it constitutes the first phase of a broader initiative to develop a rigorous, new winter test method for scooters and drive improvements in safety, performance and design.

Electric mobility scooters are increasing in popularity and are used extensively by individuals with mobility impairments to conduct activities of daily living. Scientific literature on the safety and efficacy of scooters in winter conditions is sparse and the current technical standards for scooters do not mandate testing in these conditions. This study paves the way for more rigorous standard testing by: 1) Describing a novel, motion-capture based method to quantify the tractive performance of scooters; 2) Describing methods to create a wide variety of simulated winter conditions; 3) Presenting pilot-test results of a scooter driven in these winter conditions. The outcomes of this study are significant because it is the first study to evaluate the performance of a scooter in winter conditions. Furthermore, it constitutes the first phase of a broader initiative to develop a rigorous, new winter test method for scooters and drive improvements in safety, performance and design.

Då nya innovationer uppkommer följer frågorna om vilka som använder dessa och varför. Denna studie fokuserar på de som hyrt el-scooter, då de bedöms vara en del av the early market. Studien syftar till att undersöka denna grupps demografiska kännetecken och vad som förklara deras konsumentbeslutsfattande. Vidare undersöker studien sambanden mellan konsumenters demografi, motiv för konsumentbeslutsfattande och frekvensen i användning. Det empiriska underlaget har samlats in genom en webbenkät som besvarats av 191 respondenter. Resultatet visar att de som hyrt el-scooter är unga, men inga könsmässiga skillnader kan bevisas. Däremot visar studien att män använder sig av el-scooter mer frekvent än kvinnor. De som hyrt el-scooter har en hög utbildningsnivå och studerar som huvudsaklig sysselsättning. Emotionella motiv förklarar i högst utsträckning varför konsumenter hyrt el-scooter. Studien visar ett samband mellan att hyra el-scooter mer frekvent och i högre utsträckning motivera sitt konsumentbeslutsfattande med passiva motiv. Studien bidrar till kunskaper om vilka som tidigt tar till sig nya innovationer, samt en praktiskt relevans för aktörer som hyr el-scootrar.

With rapidly increasing e-scooter usage in the United States [1], a growing number of studies aim to understand the safety aspect of these emerging modes. The existing literature has a limited understanding of time-of-day and seasonal patterns of e-scooter crashes. While many e-scooter safety policies are based on the number of crashes [2, 3], accounting for exposure provides a measure of risk to inform effective preventive strategies [4]. This study focuses on motor-vehicle involved crashes since they constitute the most severe and fatal injuries. We compared daytime and nighttime motor-vehicle involved e-scooter crashes and combined them with micromobility trip data to generate exposure variables and estimate crash risk. The key research question of this paper is as follows: 1. Are crashes or crash rates disproportionately higher at night than in the day? [From: Introduction]

After rental services of e-scooters started in Norway in 2019, they became very popular and widespread, which also led to many accidents and injuries. This was systematically registered and published by the Oslo Emergency Ward every month and the figures showed a clear tendency for the accident figures to follow the scope of use, with higher figures in the summer. There is also an increase in accidents and injuries from 2019 to 2020, and on to 2021. To investigate further about risk factors involved when using e-scooters, we conducted a comprehensive survey among e-scooter users in Norway.

Micromobility has a direct impact on the urban area, since it tries to make cities more liveable, o:ffering an alternative transport option that contributes to reduce air and noise pollution. Additionally, it promotes intennodality, promotes money savings, reduces parking space and helps to avoid road congestion in cities that have their own lanes for the use of micromobility vehicles such as bicycles, stand-up e-scooters (escooters) and other personal mobility vehicles (PMVs). In Spain, micromobility has significantly increased in recent years, through the increase in the supply and demand for bicycles and other PMVs, mainly e-scooters. There are many reasons that have motivated users to prioritize the bicycle and the other PMVs over other means of tra.nsport. In addition to the growing concern for health and the environment, the COVID-19 pandemic has also driven the growth in the use ofthe different PMVs in 2020. Accordmg to data from Global Public Transport Report, published by the mobility application Moovit, 31 % of Spanianis have used bicycles, scooters or e-scooters in 2020, increasing their use by 7% since 2019. However, in parallel and because of the increase in PMVs exposure, the number of crashes involving users of these vehicles has also increased in recent years. For this reason, among road safety researchers, interest and concern for the study of this kind of crashes have also increased The aim of this research is to characterize the crashes in Spain in which at least one PMV (bicycle, e-scooter or other PMV) is involved between the years 2016 and 2020.