abstract: This thesis studies the technological change in the US commercial banking market and its influence on banks' lending practices. The second chapter provides some empirical facts. The third chapter studies the welfare consequences of the destructive creation (bank branches replaced by internet banking) of the US commercial banking market following the Great Recession of 2009. Using a structural model, we find that the cleansing effect (closure of unproductive bank branches) of the recession increases the units of internet banking by about 56\% in 2016, compared to the case where the cleansing effect is absent. The share of internet banking in the retail service market is increased from 48\% to 60\% and the price of internet banking service is decreased by a factor of 16 by the cleansing effect of the Great Recession. The two changes lowers the price of retail banking services in 2016 by 37\%: 53\% of the price reduction is attributable to the replacement of branches by internet banking and 47\% is attributable to the reduction of the price of internet banking. However, this cleansing effect also results in a 2.5\% decrease in small business services in small cities. These findings suggest that the cleansing effect of the recession benefits retail consumers. However, small business lending may suffer. The fourth chapter evaluates how information technology (IT) improvements contribute to the decline of small business lending in the US commercial banking market from 2002 to 2017. This paper estimates a general equilibrium dynamic model with banks that differ in size and choose the level of the transaction (hard information intensive) and relationship (soft information intensive) lending. The model shows that banks’ costs of evaluating borrowers’ hard information declined over this period by 46\%, and small business loans fell by 7\% (12\% in the data). This paper finds that banks’ higher reliance on IT to issue transaction loans is responsible for 37\% of the decline in the data, and the consolidation caused by IT improvements caused 22\% of the decline. Contrary to previous findings, this paper finds that when general equilibrium is considered, policy protecting small banks cannot increase small business lending. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2019

The Banking Bureau of the Financial Supervisory Commission of the Executive Yuan for further understood development tendency and the risk management regulations the related domestic and foreign electronic bank (e-banking), entrusts exterior organization to study US and other advanced countries electronic banks. Compared with the domestic and foreign differences and proposed the new idea and the method as the reference that Taiwan impels e-banking business development and risk management regulations. This research takes the e-banking as a main axle, collection domestic and foreign e-banking correlation data and service present situation, which include electronic payment system present situation, development tendency, security and case study. In risk management aspect, based on Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking which made by the Basel committee on Banking Supervision, discusses American, European Union, Hong Kong and Taiwan related regulations. In conclusion, the research puts forward some suggestions and further study issues on e-banking business, e-banking risk supervision, and e- payment, respectively.

Thesis (M.B.A.)—Boston University

Banks warrant special attention because of the key role they play in providing liquidity to the market, transforming assets, managing risks, and monitoring borrowers. Over the past few decades, the US banking system consolidated considerably which resulted in a more concentrated system where the majority of assets are controlled by a few excessively large institutions. This dissertation examines concentration of the US banking sector and its relationship with the real economy, idiosyncratic bank stability, and financial market volatility. Chapter 1 investigates the association between banking concentration and the real economy through the bank failures channel. To this end, we build a system of equations that estimates the association between banking concentration and the real economy by employing quarterly U.S. data from 1984 through 2013. The first equation tests the association between bank concentration and the rate of bank failure using an autoregressive Poisson model which allows for more accurate estimates than linear models. The remaining three equations model respectively, real GDP growth, unemployment, and inflation as functions of the rate of bank failure. Three interesting results are obtained. First, there is a threshold below which increasing concentration causes a reduction in bank failures and above which an increase in failures. Second, as bank failures increase, economic growth slows while unemployment and inflation both increase. Third, our results imply that the U.S. banking system is more than twice as concentrated as the optimal level as determined by the minimum rate of bank failure and is having a detrimental effect on the real economy. Our results suggest that while the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 introduced legislation aimed in part at restricting the level of banking concentration, additional reductions in concentration may be necessary to strengthen the economy. Chapter 2 investigates the association between banking concentration and idiosyncratic bank stability after the passage of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 into legislation. First, we model individual bank stability as a non-linear, as opposed to a linear, function of banking concentration allowing us to determine if rising concentration increases (decreases) bank stability up to a certain point and decreases (increases) it thereafter. Second, we differentiate between large and small banks by introducing an interaction term between concentration and bank size allowing us to determine if size-based differences alter the concentration-stability relationship. Third, we employ a fixed effects instrumental variable model and correct for reverse causality between bank stability and bank concentration. Our findings indicate that large and small banks react very differently to changes in concentration. As concentration exceeds a certain threshold, small banks become less stable, hold less capital, are less profitable, and hold more volatile portfolios. The results are the reverse for large banks. We also find that as concentration increases, large banks increasingly contribute to systemic risk, despite the fact that their idiosyncratic risk is reduced. Chapter 3 investigates the association between financial market volatility and banking concentration. Research on this relationship has been sparse and remains ambiguous. A main difficulty with achieving this task is the low frequency (quarterly) nature of the concentration data relative to the high frequency (daily) volatility data. To overcome this problem, we employ a GARCH-MIDAS volatility model which allows us to test the relationship between data with dissimilar frequencies. We consider the sample period 1986:1 to 2013:4. Our results indicate that higher levels of banking concentration are positively associated with higher volatility in the US stock, options, and corporate bond markets and negatively associated with the US government bond volatility. These finding fill a major void in the literature and have implications for regulators and policy makers. / Economics

Overall this thesis is concerned with the implementation and development of Internet banking in Thailand. Paper 1 is a literature review. It examines the development of Internet banking, world-wide rationale for the use of Internet banking, Internet banking in Thailand and the driving factors which influence banks to adopt Internet banking. The results of this study are beneficial to understanding why many banks in the world are starting to use Internet banking as a marketing tool for increasing competitive advantage over their rivals. / Paper 2 represents a survey of Thai banking customers and their interest or non-interest in using Internet banking. A number of hypotheses are developed and tested in this survey. The survey encompassed 485 persons, of whom 400 responded, throughout Thailand and attempted to assess and measure their attitudes towards Internet banking. Findings indicate that Internet banking is currently the least popular form of banking in Thailand (after ATM and branch banking). However, the younger group of customers, those aged between 18-30, ranked Internet branch banking first on their list of choices as the most desirable form of banking services. The results of this study are beneficial to the Thai banking sector in terms of providing a detailed understanding of customers' preferences for Internet banking. In addition, banks can apply this information to develop strategic plans focusing primarily on identified target groups, thereby providing better products and services. / Paper 3 develops a conceptual framework utilizing the results discussed in paper 2, to recommend to Thai banks appropriate promotional and servicing activities to encourage the development of Internet banking in Thailand. It includes a range of recommendations, over three specific time periods: short term, identified as up to 1.5 years, medium term specified as 1.5-3 years, and long term, identified as more than 3 years. Essentially, the recommended approach to Internet banking in Thailand concentrates on a developmental approach over these three periods. As defined by the results obtained in the survey discussed in paper 2, it is clear that Thai banks should consider younger, higher education level customers as potential customers. In addition, this paper also recommends how to use strategies for developing Internet banking but this should not be done to the exclusion of older, lower education level and lower income level customers. / Thesis (DBA(DBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2004

Thesis (DBA(DoctorateofBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2003.

Overall this thesis is concerned with the implementation and development of Internet banking in Thailand. Paper 1 is a literature review. It examines the development of Internet banking, world-wide rationale for the use of Internet banking, Internet banking in Thailand and the driving factors which influence banks to adopt Internet banking. The results of this study are beneficial to understanding why many banks in the world are starting to use Internet banking as a marketing tool for increasing competitive advantage over their rivals. / Paper 2 represents a survey of Thai banking customers and their interest or non-interest in using Internet banking. A number of hypotheses are developed and tested in this survey. The survey encompassed 485 persons, of whom 400 responded, throughout Thailand and attempted to assess and measure their attitudes towards Internet banking. Findings indicate that Internet banking is currently the least popular form of banking in Thailand (after ATM and branch banking). However, the younger group of customers, those aged between 18-30, ranked Internet branch banking first on their list of choices as the most desirable form of banking services. The results of this study are beneficial to the Thai banking sector in terms of providing a detailed understanding of customers' preferences for Internet banking. In addition, banks can apply this information to develop strategic plans focusing primarily on identified target groups, thereby providing better products and services. / Paper 3 develops a conceptual framework utilizing the results discussed in paper 2, to recommend to Thai banks appropriate promotional and servicing activities to encourage the development of Internet banking in Thailand. It includes a range of recommendations, over three specific time periods: short term, identified as up to 1.5 years, medium term specified as 1.5-3 years, and long term, identified as more than 3 years. Essentially, the recommended approach to Internet banking in Thailand concentrates on a developmental approach over these three periods. As defined by the results obtained in the survey discussed in paper 2, it is clear that Thai banks should consider younger, higher education level customers as potential customers. In addition, this paper also recommends how to use strategies for developing Internet banking but this should not be done to the exclusion of older, lower education level and lower income level customers. / Thesis (DBA(DBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2004

Overall this thesis is concerned with the implementation and development of Internet banking in Thailand. Paper 1 is a literature review. It examines the development of Internet banking, world-wide rationale for the use of Internet banking, Internet banking in Thailand and the driving factors which influence banks to adopt Internet banking. The results of this study are beneficial to understanding why many banks in the world are starting to use Internet banking as a marketing tool for increasing competitive advantage over their rivals. / Paper 2 represents a survey of Thai banking customers and their interest or non-interest in using Internet banking. A number of hypotheses are developed and tested in this survey. The survey encompassed 485 persons, of whom 400 responded, throughout Thailand and attempted to assess and measure their attitudes towards Internet banking. Findings indicate that Internet banking is currently the least popular form of banking in Thailand (after ATM and branch banking). However, the younger group of customers, those aged between 18-30, ranked Internet branch banking first on their list of choices as the most desirable form of banking services. The results of this study are beneficial to the Thai banking sector in terms of providing a detailed understanding of customers' preferences for Internet banking. In addition, banks can apply this information to develop strategic plans focusing primarily on identified target groups, thereby providing better products and services. / Paper 3 develops a conceptual framework utilizing the results discussed in paper 2, to recommend to Thai banks appropriate promotional and servicing activities to encourage the development of Internet banking in Thailand. It includes a range of recommendations, over three specific time periods: short term, identified as up to 1.5 years, medium term specified as 1.5-3 years, and long term, identified as more than 3 years. Essentially, the recommended approach to Internet banking in Thailand concentrates on a developmental approach over these three periods. As defined by the results obtained in the survey discussed in paper 2, it is clear that Thai banks should consider younger, higher education level customers as potential customers. In addition, this paper also recommends how to use strategies for developing Internet banking but this should not be done to the exclusion of older, lower education level and lower income level customers. / Thesis (DBA(DBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2004

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.

Thesis (LL. M.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Adviser: Jacob Ziegel.