Typically, industry workers are exposed to, and may touch, either accidentally or intentionally, many surfaces of different materials (e g machine parts, walls etc.) For environments containing hot surfaces, standards are available to determine the temperature limits for these surfaces in order to minimise safety risks (skin bums, EN 563 1994). However, no such standard is available for cold surfaces and for those working in such a cold environment, accidental skin contact exposure and the resultant skin cooling could pose a health and safety risk in terms of discomfort, pain, numbness and skin damage Data was collected for the derivation of a cold surfaces safety standard (European Union project SMT4-CT97-2149), providing a relation between material type, surface temperature and risk of pain and frostbite for the index fingertip of the non-dominant hand, the overall aim being to use the data to develop a predictive model of fingertip contact cooling allowing the prediction for various materials, temperatures and body thermal states within and outside the actual tested ranges.

M.Ing. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Ing. (Civil Engineering) / The results of a study presented on the behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel beams subjected to shear taking into account elastic shear buckling, inelastic shear buckling and shear yielding, as well as an investigation into the interaction relationship between shear and bending are presented. From this investigation the results obtained show good relation to the theory. The local shear buckling stress was experimentally determined and it was found that for unreinforced beam webs the shear buckling coefficient is that of an infinitely long plate, namely k=5,34. A good agreement between the experimental ultimate shear strength and the predicted ultimate shear strength was found. Stainless steel beams comprising of lipped channels were manufactured and tested to failure. The types of stainless steels used in this investigation were Types 304, 316, 430 and Type 3CR12 corrosion resiting steel, a modified Type 409 stainless steel. The stress-strain relationship for stainless steels differs from that of carbon steel in that stainless steel is a gradual yielding material. It was concluded in this investigation that Gerard's plasticity reduction factor, Gs/G o, should be used as a plasticity reduction factor in calculations concerning shear. It was found that present design criteria are adequate.

Cold injury of both the dry and the moist types are of the utmost importance in military operations, and are likely to assume even greater importance in the event of polar warfare. The modern literature on frostbite began with Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812 when his surgeon, Baron Larrey recorded the disastrous event in his memoirs. Since then it has been the various wars of the western world that has provided the main stimulus for investigation into the cold problem. The experimental investigation has effected little positive benefit by way of management of an acute cold injury, but it has served to break down many time honoured doctrines, especially the theory that slow thawing of a frozen limb provided the best treatment. The significance of the various events that occur in the tissues during a freezing reaction are not agreed on by all workers, but the course of the reaction and especially the danger of the secondary effects during thawing are well known. The present investigation concerned an attempt to observe microscopically the vascular changes in the rat mesoappendix according to a technique of Zweifach. A cold point apparatus described by Hass and Taylor was utilized for exact freezing of a capillary bed. The influence of ten selected drugs on the reactions of the vascular bed after freezing was tested alternately with control rats. Procaine, priscoline, benadryl, etamon, hydergine, apresoline, chlor-tripolon, rutin, ascorbic acid, and histamine were tested. The criteria for a drug effect included delay in onset of vascular stasis, lessening the rate and extent of the stasis, and resumption of circulation in static vessels. No significant difference was observed between the treated and the control animals. In an effort to confirm this impression grossly, the hind legs of rats were frozen in a carbon dioxide and ether mixture at -20°C. for twenty seconds. The changes observed grossly following thawing were described numerically and the arbitrary concept of an Injury Index was utilized which could be expressed graphically on a day by day basis. Of the same ten drugs tested, procaine, priscoline, benadryl, etarnon, hydergine, and ascorbic acid were found to have no significant effect. Chlor-Tripolon and histamine were found to have an adverse effect, and apresoline, and especially rutin, were found to have a probably significant beneficial effect. The value of rapid thawing in water at 42°C. was consistently confirmed throughout all gross experiments. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis discusses the impact of the Cold War on the Long African American Civil Rights Movement in the US from 1945 into the early 1970s. I seek to address the historiography that argues that the Cold War was an animating or galvanizing force behind the Civil Rights movement. I argue that black strategies of activism and black thought during the long civil rights era were directly or indirectly influenced by Cold War politics. Strategies towards freedom and equality were manipulated, altered, and transformed due to anticommunism in America.

This study investigates the effects of the arctic and subarctic climatic conditions on the built environment, urban housing in particular. The method of research and development of this thesis has been through a literature search coupled with my own working/ design experience in the North (Fairbanks, Alaska) for three years. The thesis is in three parts (chapters 2, 3» and k)» The first part makes a comparison of the climatic conditions in the different northern climatic zones within the state of Alaska, as well as comparing these to more southern climatic zones. The second part (main body of the thesis) investigates the building design responses (solutions) to the varied climatic conditions: solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, wind, and special climatic conditions (humidity/moisture potential, blowing snow, permafrost, and frost heave). This analysis is organized into "planning levels". Four planning levels are established which deal with ^) site layout/circulation patterns, (2) building size, shape, and orientation, activity/space arrangement, and (J) detailing of the building fabric. Using the parameters established in part 2, planning level 1, part 3 illustrates a townsite layout for a specific site, the Willow Site in subarctic Alaska where the new Alaska State Capital i6 to be located. The majority of people who live in the northern urban areas look to the south for their housing styles and designs as well as assess housing quality by "southern standards". Presently there are few ways for people living ln the North to evaluate the quality of housing for that particular climate except through trial and quite often error. This thesis produces an ordered listing of building/housing responses to the northern climates which can be disseminated to the public who can then better assess housing performance and quality for their particular physical environment. The information contained within this thesis would also be of use to professionals in arriving at design decisions for housing/building in northern areas. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

acase@tulane.edu / This dissertation identifies and analyzes the politics of three postmodern authors (Vladimir Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo) by focusing mainly on their novels that are set during the Cold War. I argue that these authors’ writings, which are often read as apolitical or as cultural critiques, engage with historical and political Cold War issues, like totalitarianism, liberal anticommunism, the threat of nuclear apocalypse, and the expanded role of government agencies. Moreover, I show that although these authors cover similar political topics and often work in similar genres, like the spy thriller, their political orientations vary. What unites their disparate political views is that all three authors endorse individual liberty during the Cold War, and all provide narratives in which their protagonists withdraw from society. The overall implication, then, is that the individual can no longer affect political outcomes in an age of extreme ideologies, overwhelming technology, and seemingly allpowerful governmental agencies. My first chapter examines the politics of Vladimir Nabokov, and by using theorists, like Dominick LaCapra and Cathy Caruth, I argue that Nabokov’s postmodern novels (Bend Sinister, Pnin, and Pale Fire) explore the impact of trauma and reveal the author to be a staunch liberal anticommunist. My second chapter deals with the politics of Thomas Pynchon, and by employing theorists like Fredric Jameson, Michel de Certeau, and Michel Foucault, I argue that Pynchon’s anarchistic leanings in V. and The Crying of Lot 49 give way to a clearer anarchist outlook in “A Journey into the Mind of Watts”—that is, until Gravity’s Rainbow reflects his political despair. My third chapter examines Don DeLillo’s early novels (Americana, End Zone, Players, Running Dog) as well as his more ambitious historical works (The Names, Libra, Mao II, and Underworld), and by using theorists like Linda Hutcheon, Foucault, and Guy Debord, I argue that DeLillo’s politics reflect a type of left-leaning libertarianism. Ultimately, this dissertation serves as a corrective not only to these authors’ statements about the supposed apolitical nature of their work, but it also identifies their political philosophies, which are placed within the larger historical context of the Cold War. / 1 / Jason P. Markell

The existing design provision in North American Specification for Cold- Formed Steel Structural Member (AISI S100) for the bearing strength of bolted connections were developed from tests on bolted connected sheets which were restrained by bolt nut and head with or without washers. However, in the cold-formed assemblies, particularly in trusses, the single bolt goes through both sides of the connected sections, making the connected sheets on each side unrestrained. the warping of the unrestrained sheet may reduce the bearing strength of the bolted connection. This research investigates the behavior and strength of bearing failure in bolted connections in cold-formed steel trusses. Tensile tests were conducted on trusses connections with various material thicknesses. It was found that the AISI S100 works well for thick connections but provides unconservative predictions for thin materials. Based on the experimental results, a modified bearing strength method is proposed for calculating the bearing strength of bolted truss connections. the proposed method can be used for any cold-formed steel connections with unrestrained sheet.

This is an investigation into the history of masculinity in spaceflight during some of the tensest years of the Cold War era. This dissertation asks why the U.S. did not counter the Soviet launch of the first woman into space. Scholars have pieced together the story of American women’s fight for spaceflight. The dissertation adds another layer to this narrative by analyzing the construction of the astronaut image from 1958 to 1972, a period characterized by a widespread masculinity crisis. Scholars of Cold War America suggest that Americans saw communism, conformity, feminism, homosexuality, bureaucracy, corporations, male consumerism, leisure, automation, and the dreaded “organization man” as a threat to masculinity. The astronaut was not only a way for Americans to display their superiority over the Soviets; he also represented a widespread domestic reaction against the threat of automation. I build on the scholarship of the Cold War masculinity crisis by focusing on how the crisis played out within the public discourse of the astronaut image. I begin with a narrative of the Cold War masculinity crisis. Using print media, congressional records, and astronaut accounts, I explore how the masculinization of spaceflight created a public image of the astronaut that mirrored the Cold War masculinity crisis. As the average American man struggled for individuality and control in his own life, the astronaut struggled to exert and maintain individual control over the space capsule. Continuing through the Apollo program, the discourse surrounding the astronaut shifted away from depictions of him as a rugged individual exerting control in space toward an emphasis on the astronaut as a team player who shared control of the capsule with computers, the scientist-astronauts, and Mission Command. In the end, the astronaut struggled to represent a superior masculinity as he increasingly became the corporate organization man, symbolizing the masculinity crisis. The struggle to resolve the masculinity crisis continued as teamwork replaced individualism, hyphenated scientist-astronauts flew into space, and NASA commissioned the first passenger space shuttles.

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