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Abstract The event that the Second People¡¦s Power Revolution (EDSA II) forced President Estrada to resign from his presidency in January, 2001, was the first political violence after 1946, the year of the Independence of the Philippines. EDSA II, however, was neither a social revolution nor a military coup, but the combination of the two. The connotation of the event was actually a wrestle among a group of so-called pursuing democracy elite. The event, although, was probably considered as one of the domestic riots in the Philippines, it still became a controversial one which was specifically related to the issue of ¡§the re-emergence of oligarchy¡¨. The study aimed to find out whether oligarchy re-emerged in the Philippine or not in terms of the context of oligarchy history, the oligarchy style of democracy transition, the source of EDSA II and the argument of EDSA II. The research, firstly, reanalyzed the history of the Philippines in order to trace back oligarchy in the Philippines, and then discussed the phenomena of ¡§church involvement¡¨, ¡§military coup¡¨, ¡§constitutional conflict¡¨ and ¡§people movement¡¨, to show the fragile democracy in post-Marcos era. More than that, this study tried to clarify the myth of EDSA II, in terms of ¡§ the cause and effect of the revolution¡¨, ¡§the argument and examination of the revolution¡¨ and ¡§the myth and discussion of the revolution¡¨. Finally, the issue of ¡§the re-emergence of oligarchy¡¨ was discussed and concluded. To sum up, the oligarchy did appear in the Philippines. With respect to EDSA II, it was by all means a competition game played by elite. Oligarchy, therefore, was still the main stream in this country.

Optical properties of Tl4In3GaSe8, Tl4InGa3Se8, Tl4In3GaS8, Tl2InGaS4 and Tl4InGa3S8 chain and layered crystals were studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and transmission-reflection experiments. Several emission bands were observed in the PL spectra within the 475-800 nm wavelength region. The results of the temperature- and excitation intensity-dependent PL measurements in 15-300 K and 0.13&times / 10-3-110.34 W cm-2 ranges, respectively, suggested that the observed bands were originated from the recombination of electrons with the holes by realization of donor-acceptor or free-to-bound type transitions. Transmission-reflection measurements in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm revealed the values of indirect and direct band gap energies of the crystals studied. By the temperature-dependent transmission measurements in 10-300 K range, the rates of change of the indirect band gap of the samples with temperature were found to be negative. The oscillator and dispersion energies, and zero-frequency refractive indices were determined by the analysis of the refractive index dispersion data using the Wemple&ndash / DiDomenico single-effective-oscillator model. Furthermore, the structural parameters of all crystals were defined by the analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data. The determination of the compositional parameters of the studied crystals was done by energy dispersive spectral analysis experiments.