The radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure of a 5G small cell radiobase station (RBS) using massive MIMO antenna is assessed. The compliance distance for auniform antenna excitation is determined for a 4x4- and an 8x8 planar array antenna at fourdifferent carrier frequencies, 10, 15, 28 and 60 GHz. Three different exposure standards areused to find the compliance distance, the ICNIRP-, the FCC- and a draft IEEE standard.Simulations using the method of moments (MoM) was used to analyze the antennas and calculatethe power density. The compliance distance converges to Fries far field formula in thefar field region, where said formula is valid. Each standard use different averaging areas andthe convergence is slower for a larger averaging area. This can be explained by the act ofaveraging working as a low pass filter. A lower frequency also leads to a slower convergence,as the far field is located further away.A statistical model is developed to assess the time-averaged realistic maximum power level,based on a 8x8 planar array antenna using a carrier frequency of 28 GHz. Parameters such asTDD, user position and utilization are considered and the model is valid in both the near fieldand the far field regions. The user positions are determined to obtain a realistic conservativeRF EMF exposure with a confidence level of 95%. The antenna can transmit the signal in adefined set of 47 different beam directions spanning -60 to 60 degrees in azimuth and -15 to15 degrees in elevation. The set of 47 beams are simulated using the method of moments tocalculate the electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the RBS antenna. For the user distributionsinvestigated and at a distance of 20 cm, the power reduction factor is below 0.22. Asthe distance becomes larger the power reduction factor converges toward around 0.17 usinga weighted user distribution and toward 0.10 using a uniform user distribution. This impliesthat the compliance distance can be reduced significantly compared with the results using thetheoretical maximum power.A four panel model is created with the same input parameters as in the one panel case. Themodel is based on a small cell radio base station product produced by Ericsson. A statisticalmodel is created to assess the RF exposure which are made to converge towards the one panelcase far away from the antenna. The users are distributed uniformly and separately over the4 panels with priority given to the panels with highest exposure. The power reduction factoris one forth of the single panel case close to the antenna and converges toward the single panelresults. In general, a four panel product will also have a significant reduction in compliancedistance compared to the results obtained by using constant maximum power.

The effects related to diffraction and interference are ubiquitous in phenomena involving electromagnetic wave propagation, and are accurately predicted and described within the framework of classical electrodynamics. In the vast majority of the cases the qualitative features of the evolution of a propagating wave can be inferred even without detailed calculations. A field distribution will spread upon propagation, will accumulate phase along the direction of power flow, will exert mechanical forces upon scattering objects in the direction of propagation etc. When such predictions fail, counterintuitive effects and new functionalities can be engineered. In this work a series of exceptional cases under different degrees of field confinement have been isolated. In such instances the electromagnetic behavior significantly deviates from conventional cases. In particular, considering structures with monodimensional field confinement, the only possible class of diffraction free surface waves has been introduced. Again within the context of surface waves the mechanism of Enhanced Evanescent Tunneling (EET) has been proposed, which allows a net power flow to be sustained by evanescent fields only with applications to subdiffraction imaging. Increasing the degree of field confinement, a unique class of fully dielectric waveguide arrays able to support negative effective index modes has been theoretically demonstrated. Finally the opto-mechanical consequences of such effective negative index environments have been studied, highlighting counterintuitive properties. Instrumental to these findings was the introduction of a general theory of optical forces in terms of vector spherical harmonics.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis deals with the reflective properties of selected aerosols subjected to microwave radiation. The backscatter cross section of a sphere is developed analytically as a basis for experimental verification. The most pertinent material parameters necessary for maximum reflectivity are discussed and are used to justify the aerosols selected for the experiment. The experimental procedures and the equipment calibration techniques are prefaced by a discussion of the design and the construction of the aerosol chamber and the microwave source apparatus. The experimental results and the calculated backscatter cross section of the aerosols listed are examined. Conclusions are discussed and applications of the results are offered for consideration.

A description of several experiments carried out to investigate the behaviour of 3.2 cm. microwaves on passing through a dielectric prism is given in this thesis. Chapter I contains a description of the experimental apparatus used to generate electromagnetic radiation and to measure the field intensity in a plane perpendicular to the refracting edge of the prism. Particular emphasis is placed on a description of the receiver amplifier, and on the construction of the wax prism. In Chapter II are given the results of several preliminary investigations of the field close to, and polarized parallel to the retracting edge of the prism. Fresnel interference fringes were observed with the prism oriented as a biprism. Diffraction fringes of a 45˚ wedge, both dielectric and metallic, were observed incidentally. Evidence of the evanescent wave predicted for total internal reflection was obtained directly in this experiment where earlier evidence of such waves in the optical and microwave regions has been indirect. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1974. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 195-203. / Ph.D.