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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Identification et validation fonctionnelle de gènes candidats contrôlant la composition de la cuticule chez le fruit de tomate / Identification and functional validation of candidate genes controlling the composition of the tomato fruit cuticle

Petit, Johann 17 December 2013 (has links)
La cuticule, une matrice lipidique extracellulaire constituée de cires et d’un squelette de cutine, est la barrière de défense la plus externe des plantes face à leur environnement. Elle intervient dans de nombreuses propriétés agronomiques comme la conservation post récolte, les propriétés mécaniques ou bien l’aspect du fruit, dont la brillance. Afin d’isoler des mutants de cuticule, le criblage d’une collection de mutants EMS de tomate a été entrepris, en se basant sur la brillance des fruits, conduisant à la sélection de 24 mutants. Chez ceux-ci, des analyses biochimiques ont montré de fortes variations de charge et de composition de la cuticule, notamment chez les mutants de cutine. La caractérisation de 4 mutants remarquables a été entreprise afin d’identifier les mutations responsables des phénotypes de brillance. Le mutant le plus affecté, présentant une charge en cutine réduite de 85% par rapport au type sauvage, a révélé une mutation du gène SlGDSL2 codant pour une acylhydrolase à motif GDSL, responsable de la polymérisation de la cutine. Afin d’étudier la formation et la régulation de la cutine, la suite du travail a consisté à obtenir et à caractériser des simples et des doubles mutants affectés dans la synthèse des monomères de cutine, le transport apoplastique et la polymérisation de la cutine. / The cuticle, an extracellular lipid matrix consisting of waxes and of a cutin skeleton is the outermost plants protection barrier against their environment. The cuticle is involved in many agronomic traits such as post-harvest storage, biomechanical or fruit appearance properties like surface brightness. In order to isolate cuticle mutants, the screening of an EMS tomato mutants collection has been undertaken, based on fruit brightness, leading to the selection of 24 mutants. Biochemical analyzes have shown wide variations in cuticle loads and compositions, especially in cutin mutants. The characterization of 4 remarkable mutants was undertaken to identify the mutations responsible for brightness phenotypes. The most affected mutant shows a cutin load reduced by 85% compared to the wild type, and is due to a mutation in the SlGDSL2 gene, encoding a GDSL-motive acylhydrolase enzyme, responsible for the cutin polymerization. In order to further study the cutin formation and regulation, the next work was to obtain and characterize single and double mutants affected in cutin monomer synthesis, apoplastic transport and cutin polymerization.
2

Understanding the genetic and morphological basis of bushy root and bifuricate, two mutations affecting plant architecture in Solanum lycopersicum L

Silva Ferreira, Demetryus January 2017 (has links)
The classical ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) tomato mutant bushy root (brt) was studied using a homozygous near isogenic line (brtNIL) in the Micro-Tom (MT) genetic background. The mutation has a pleiotropic phenotype comprising slow seedling development, which may be a consequence of a maternally-inherited small seed phenotype, and a more compact, smaller but not bushier, root phenotype. The number of lateral roots, total root length and taproot size are all smaller in brtNIL than the WT. The BRT locus was mapped to a 137 kbp region containing 9 candidate genes on chr 12; an InDel in the promoter region of Solyc12g014590 – containing two highly conserved pirin domains (Pirin_C and Pirin), was detected. Different expression patterns were confirmed by transcriptomic results, supporting Solyc12g014590 as the gene responsible for the brt phenotype. A naturally occurring recessive mutant named bifuricate (bif) shows an increase in inflorescence (truss) branching in comparison to the wild type (WT) control line, LAM183. In addition, the number of flowers per truss was 235% higher in bif plants than WT. Low temperature is known to increase truss branching, and so a four day low temperature treatment was applied and it was demonstrated that flowering increased significantly more in bif than in LAM183. The BIF locus was mapped to a 2.01 Mbp interval of chromosome 12 containing 53 genes. All coding region polymorphisms in the interval were surveyed, and two genes Solyc12g019420 (a BTB/TAZ transcription factor) and Solyc12g019460 (a MAP kinase) contained one stop codon predicted to disrupt gene function; both genes are excellent candidates for inflorescence branching control based on literature evidence. A newly developed introgression browser was used to demonstrate that the origin of the bif mutant haplotype is Solanum galapagense.
3

Identification de gènes candidats impliqués dans la régulation de la teneur en acide ascorbique chez la tomate : impacts sur le potentiel antioxydant et la qualité post-récolte du fruit / Identification of candidate genes involved in the regulation of the ascorbic acid content in tomato fruit : impacts on the antioxidant potential and postharvest fruit quality

Bournonville, Celine 03 March 2015 (has links)
L’acide ascorbique (AsA) est un antioxydant essentiel à la fois pour l’homme et les végétaux. L’AsA provenant des plantes représente la source principale de vitamine C dans l’alimentation quotidienne. Au-delà de son impact nutritionnel, augmenter la teneur en AsA dans le fruit de tomate serait susceptible d’influencer la qualité des fruits après la récolte, en termes de conservation mais également de résistance à des pathogènes. Bien que le métabolisme de l’AsA soit bien caractérisé, les mécanismes impliqués dans sa régulation restent jusqu'à présent peu compris. Des études récentes menées sur des feuilles d’Arabisdopsis thaliana montrent que certaines protéines seraient capables de réguler la teneur en AsA, en agissant au niveau transcriptionnel ou post-transcriptionnel. A ce jour, ce type de régulation n’a pas été encore décrit chez les fruits. Dans ce but, une approche de génétique directe a été développée afin d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la teneur en AsA et ceci dans le fruit de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). L’analyse d’une population de mutants EMS de tomate Micro-Tom a permis l’identification de lignées de mutants présentant des teneurs en AsA de 2,5 à 4 fois plus importantes que celles observées dans les fruits de tomate sauvage. La caractérisation de ces lignées a conduit à des résultats prometteurs pour l’étude de la qualité des fruits après la récolte. Une stratégie de NGS-mapping a permis l’identification des mutations causales responsables du phénotype AsA observé. Ainsi, le criblage de mutants EMS a permis la découverte de nouvelles protéines inattendues, permettant de confirmer au niveau moléculaire l’existence d’une interaction directe en la signalisation lumineuse et la régulation de la voie de biosynthèse de l’AsA. / The ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential antioxidant in both plants and humans. Plant-derived AsA is the major source of vitamin C in the human diet. In addition to its effect on tomato nutritional value, increasing tomato AsA content would likely affect postharvest storage and resistance to pathogens of the fruit. While AsA metabolism is well characterized, the mechanisms involved in its regulation remain poorly understood. Recent studies in Arabidopsis leaves indicate that few regulatory proteins can regulate this pathway at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Still nothing equivalent has been described in fruits. In that aim, a forward genetic approach has been carried out to investigate the regulation of AsA in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The screening of an EMS tomato mutant population in the miniature cultivar Micro-Tom for identifying mutant lines with AsA-enriched fruits was done. Among the 500 M2 mutant families screened, four mutant lines with higher AsA content ranging from 2.5 to 4 fold were selected. These mutant lines have been characterized for postharvest traits quality and showed promising results. A method based on NGS-mapping allowed the identification of the putative AsA-enriched related gene. Thus, the screening of EMS mutants led to original findings such as the discovery of new unexpected proteins regulating AsA in plants, and particularly in fruits. Our work confirms at the molecular level the direct interaction between light signaling component and the regulation of the AsA biosynthesis pathway.

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