<p>In the year 2002 the European Union decided on a new directive according to the energy use in buildings. The outcome of this direction is a proposition from the Swedish government on the outlines of a new law in the field of energy use in buildings. The date that the law will be applied is the first of October 2006. In the future al real estate owners must be able to show an energystatement over the real estate. This project contains cooperation with HFAB a local real estate company where two buildings are analyzed according to their energystatement. The data from the analyzed buildings together with theoretical studies in the field of energy use in buildings resulted in conclusions according to the strategic ways to implement an energystatement over a building.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with the construction of a numerical method for solving two-dimensional elliptic interface problems, such as fully developed stratified flow in pipes. Interface problems are characterized by its non-smooth and often discontinuous behaviour along a sharp boundary separating the fluids or other materials. Classical numerical schemes are not suitable for these problems due to the irregular geometry of the interface. Standard finite difference discretization across the interface violates the interfacial boundary conditions; therefore special care must be taken at irregular grid nodes.</p><p>In this thesis a decomposed immersed interface method is presented. The immersed interface method is a numerical technique formulated to solve partial differential equations in the presence of an interface where the solution and its derivatives may be discontinuous and non-smooth. Componentwise corrections terms are added to the finite difference stencil in order to make the discretization well-defined across the interface. A method that approximates the correction terms is also proposed. Results from numerical experiments show that the rate of convergence is approximately of second order.</p><p>Moreover, the immersed interface method is applied to stratified multiphase flow in pipes. The flow is assumed to be fully developed and in steady-state. For turbulent flow, both a low Reynolds number turbulence model and a two-layer turbulence model are adopted in order to imitate turbulence in the flow field and in the vicinity of the boundaries. The latter turbulence model is modified accordingly to account for the effects of a wavy interface. In this case, the concept of interfacial roughness is used to model the wavy nature of the interface.</p><p>Numerical results are compared with analytical solutions for laminar flow and experimental data for turbulent flow. It is also demonstrated that the current numerical method offers more flexibility in simulating stratified pipe flow problems with complex shaped interfaces, including three-phase flow, than seen in any previous approach.</p> / Paper I reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, Sciencedirect

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This thesis deals with the construction of a numerical method for solving two-dimensional elliptic interface problems, such as fully developed stratified flow in pipes. Interface problems are characterized by its non-smooth and often discontinuous behaviour along a sharp boundary separating the fluids or other materials. Classical numerical schemes are not suitable for these problems due to the irregular geometry of the interface. Standard finite difference discretization across the interface violates the interfacial boundary conditions; therefore special care must be taken at irregular grid nodes. In this thesis a decomposed immersed interface method is presented. The immersed interface method is a numerical technique formulated to solve partial differential equations in the presence of an interface where the solution and its derivatives may be discontinuous and non-smooth. Componentwise corrections terms are added to the finite difference stencil in order to make the discretization well-defined across the interface. A method that approximates the correction terms is also proposed. Results from numerical experiments show that the rate of convergence is approximately of second order. Moreover, the immersed interface method is applied to stratified multiphase flow in pipes. The flow is assumed to be fully developed and in steady-state. For turbulent flow, both a low Reynolds number turbulence model and a two-layer turbulence model are adopted in order to imitate turbulence in the flow field and in the vicinity of the boundaries. The latter turbulence model is modified accordingly to account for the effects of a wavy interface. In this case, the concept of interfacial roughness is used to model the wavy nature of the interface. Numerical results are compared with analytical solutions for laminar flow and experimental data for turbulent flow. It is also demonstrated that the current numerical method offers more flexibility in simulating stratified pipe flow problems with complex shaped interfaces, including three-phase flow, than seen in any previous approach. / Paper I reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, Sciencedirect

Date: 2011-05-25 Program: MIMA-International Marketing Course name: Master Thesis (EFO705) Title: Changing consumer’s attitude of energy drinks in Thailand market. Acase study of Thai consumer behavior toward energy drinks. Authors: Suratssawadee Kuptanon (870113)Thanathorn Pichittachakul (831226) Supervisor: Peter SelegårdProblem: How to change the attitude of Thai young adult consumer regarding toenergy drink? Purpose: To describe and analyze the attitude of Thai young adult consumer thateffect to the energy drink market in order to develop and change theirattitude in the positive way. Furthermore, give the recommendationabout the appropriate way to maintain and increase the market shareand customer for the marketer. Method: This research use both qualitative and quantitative in the questionnairesurvey to conduct the real behavior and attitude of young adult inThailand market. Basically, the data collection method also dividedinto two sources which are primary data and secondary data.Moreover, the total respondents in this research are 400 who are youngadult and live in Bangkok, Thailand. Also, the theories of attitudechange strategies, attitudes and consumer perception are use in thisresearch. Conclusion: The results from the survey show the opportunities for marketer tochange their customer attitude by use the main instruments which areadvertising and marketing campaigns. Keyword: consumer behavior, change attitude, change behavior, energybeverage, and social drinking

In China, the energy technology is the fundamental technology which plays a significant role in China’s boost. Currently, China’s energy technology is in a high-speed development and transformation period when great opportunities and challenges are existing in optimization of energy structure and new energy technology development. In this paper, the achievement the China has obtained in recent years in this area as well as the forthcoming challenges are expounded in four aspects—the basic environment of China’s energy development, development of China’s energy technology, challenges encountered by China’s energy technology development and the system innovation in the energy technology development.

The C545T is a green dopant material that is widely used in the organic light emitting diode. The effect of acidity on the UV and fluorescence spectra of C545T in aqueous acidic solutions and in the solid state has been studied. In acid-free or at low acid concentration solutions and films, only an emission at 510nm is observed. Increasing the acid concentration up to a value that depends on the solvent causes a new emission at 570nm and is assigned to emission from a protonated from. The acidic solvents we used in this study are oxalic acid and benzyl sulfonic acid. The energy transfer from unprotonated species to protonated species has been observed. We also use a simple model to calculate the efficiency of energy transfer.

Analysis was done to determine if small-scale wind energy could be economically feasible on a cotton farm with 1,200 irrigated acres, a house, and a barn. Lubbock and Midland were locations chosen for this model farm and the twenty-year analysis. A 10 kW wind turbine on a 30m tower was installed and five different scenarios were calculated for both locations. Wind speeds for both locations were collected and analyzed to find the closest fitting distribution to incorporate the appropriate risk. This distribution was the empirical distribution at both locations every month except December in Lubbock, which closely matched the Gamma distribution. Electricity production, usage and costs were analyzed to find the net present value of the investment. The economic analysis of this system showed that the wind turbine under all situations was much less economical than purchasing electricity solely from the electric company. Small-scale wind energy produced under thesis assumptions was over $10,000 more expensive than traditional electricity in Lubbock and Midland over the twenty year planning horizon.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 22, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.E.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). "February 2009." Includes bibliographical references (p. [135]-139). Also available via the World Wide Web.