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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Adipocytokines released by the adipose tissue play an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In obesity their production is dysregulated, which is one of the major factors contributing to the onset of a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation representing a risk factor for the progression of other diseases, such as atherosclerosis or type-2 diabetes. The main goal of this thesis was to analyze the secretion of selected adipocytokines (adiponectin, IL6 and MCP1) by in-vitro differentiated adipocytes, isolated from the adipose tissue prior to and after a dietary intervention, and this under basal conditions and during stimulated lipolysis. In case of adiponectin, the secretion of its isoforms was analyzed too. The concentration of adiponectin, IL6 and MCP1 was determined by the ELISA method, the Western Blot method was used to determine the distribution of the adiponectin isoforms. The thesis also concentrates on the gene expression of ATF3, ATF4 and HSPA5, factors engaged in the ER stress in the course of the differentiation of adipocytes. The changes in the gene expression were measured by the quantitative Real Time PCR method. At the same time the development of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the course of adipogenesis was monitored by indirect...

Pendant très longtemps, les traitements contre les cancers se sont basés sur la cytotoxicité des chimiothérapies, sur leur capacité à tuer directement les cellules malignes ou à induire leur senescence. Mais cette cytotoxicité accrue et non ciblée a également pour effet de tuer les cellules du système immunitaire du patient. Cependant, il a été montré que la radiothérapie, les anthracyclines ainsi que l’oxaliplatine étaient capables d’induire une apoptose décrite comme étant une mort cellulaire immunogène. De ce fait, les cellules tumorales mourantes agiront comme vaccin thérapeutique.La mort cellulaire immunogène se caractérise par trois grands marqueurs : un stress du réticulum endoplasmique pré-mortem qui va induire la translocation de la calréticuline de la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique vers la surface cellulaire, la libération d’ATP dans le milieu extracellulaire permettant le recrutement des cellules dendritiques et l’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 via le récepteur P2RX7, et enfin la libération de la protéine HMGB1 dans le milieu extracellulaire, qui va aller interagir avec TLR4 à la surface des cellules dendritiques pour stimuler leur fonction présentatrice d’antigène. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires précis par lesquels l’ATP est sécrétée activement lors d’une mort cellulaire immunogène. En utilisant une combinaison de techniques impliquant des criblages pharmacologiques, des techniques de monitorage de la localisation intracellulaire de l’ATP entre autres, nous avons montré qu’après un traitement par les inducteurs de la mort immunogène, l’ATP était redistribué des lysosomes aux autolysosomes et que sa sécrétion requiert la protéine lysosomale LAMP1. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait d’autres voies de libération d’ATP telles que la voie de signalisation Rho, et également l’ouverture des hémicanaux pannexine 1 (PANX1). De façon surprenante, nous avons observé une implication de PANX1 dans la translocation de LAMP1 à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont permis de comprendre un peu plus précisément les mécanismes de sécrétion d’ATP dans la mort cellulaire immunogène, mettant en évidence l’importance de l’exocytose lysosomale caspases dépendante et PANX1 dépendante.La seconde partie de ce travail s’est portée sur l’étude d’une autre caractéristique de la mort cellulaire immunogène, à savoir l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En partant du constat qu’après un traitement par la mitoxantrone, la calréticuline était relocalisée en périphérie à la fois dans les cellules humaines et les cellules de levure, il a été suggéré que la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline était conservée phylogénétiquement. Nous avons montré que les phéromones pouvaient agir comme inducteurs physiologiques de l’exposition de la calréticuline dans les cellules de levure. Un criblage d’ARN interférant et des analyses de transcriptome nous ont permis de montré que les chimiokines, en particulier CXCL8 chez l’humain (appelé également interleukine-8) et son orthologue Cxcl2 chez la souris étaient impliquées dans la translocation de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En traitant les cellules cancéreuses par la mitoxantrone, nous observons une production de CXCL8 par les cellules cancéreuses humaines in vitro et de Cxcl2 par les cellules cancéreuses murines in vivo. Un « knockdown » des récepteurs pour CXCL8/Cxcl2 réduit de manière significative l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont donc montré l’importance des chimiokines dans la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline.L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de comprendre plus en détails deux des trois grandes caractéristiques de la mort cellulaire immunogène. / Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic agents were considered for a long time to mediate their therapeutic effects via their capacity to directly kill malignant cells. Nevertheless, this high cytotoxicity is non-targeted and will eventually diminish immune cells. During the last years, it has been shown that radiotherapy and some anticancer agents, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, can stimulate actively anti-tumor immune responses. In fact, they can induce an immunogenic type of apoptosis, which we termed immunogenic cell death (ICD). Thereby, dying cells can act as therapeutic vaccine against residual cancer cells that overcame the initial treatment.ICD is characterized by three major hallmarks: a pre-mortem stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which triggers the translocation of the ER chaperone protein called calreticulin (CRT) to the cell surface, the secretion of ATP from apoptotic cells, which acts as a signal for the recruitment of dendritic cells and for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via its receptor P2RX7, and the release of HMGB1 into the extracellular space, allowing it to interact with TLR4 and thus stimulate the antigen-presenting functions of the DCs.The first part of my work focused on the precise molecular mechanisms by which ATP is actively secreted during ICD. Using a large panel of techniques, including chemical compounds screens and monitoring the subcellular localization of ATP, we showed that following treatment of various tumor cells with ICD inducers, ATP is redistributed from lysosomes to autolysosomes and the lysosomal protein LAMP1 is required for active ATP secretion. We also showed that Rho and pannexin 1 (PANX1) are indispensable for efficient ATP release in response to ICD inducers. Surprisingly, we observed an unexpected link between PANX1 and the exposure of LAMP1 at the cell surface. These results will help to understand the mechanisms necessary for ATP secretion during ICD.In the second part of this work we further studied the surface exposure of CRT during ICD. We observed that mitoxantrone (MTX), which belongs to the group of anthracyclines, can induce a peripheral relocalisation of CRT, both in human cells and yeast cells. In addition, we showed that pheromones can act as a physiological inducer of CRT translocation in yeast. Focused siRNA screening combined with transcriptome analyses revealed that human CXCL8 (also called interleukin-8) and its mouse ortholog Cxcl2 play an essential role in the translocation of CRT to the cell surface. Interestingly, MTX-treated human cancer cells displayed an elevated production of CXCL8 in vitro. These results were confirmed in vivo, with MTX treated murine tumors, which also displayed elevated Cxcl2 levels. The MTX-induced CRT exposure was significantly reduced when we performed a knockdown of CXCL8/Cxcl2 receptors. Altogether, these results showed the importance of chemokine signaling circuitries in immunogenic CRT exposure.This work allows for the detailed understanding of the mechanisms of ICD and might thus be useful for further targeted drug development.

La carence en vitamine B12 est fréquente chez les sujets âgés et produit un vieillissement cérébral par des mécanismes malconnus. La vitamine B12 joue un rôle majeur dans les régulations épigénomiques dépendantes de la S-adénosyl méthionine (SAM). Nous avons établi un modèle de cellules neuronales dopaminergiques NIE115 carencé en vitamine B12 par l'expression stable d'une protéine chimère : la transcobalamine-oléosine (TO) réduisant la disponibilité cellulaire en B12, la SAM et la prolifération cellulaire. La protéine chimère oléosine-transcobalamine (OT) ne lie pas la B12 et constitue un contrôle. Les cellules TO ont une diminution B12-dépendante de la déacétylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) et un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) avec une augmentation des transducteurs transmembranaires, une diminution des protéines chaperonnes et une augmentation des marqueurs pro-apoptotiques. La diminution de l'expression de SIRT1 déclenche le stress du RE en réponse au stress nutritionnel. Cette diminution produit une augmentation de HSF1 acétylé diminuant l'expression des protéines chaperons. L'ajout de B12, des activateurs de SIRT1 et HSF1, la surexpression de SIRT1 et HSF1 réduisent le stress du RE. Dans les cellules contrôles, le traitement par la thapsigargin, l'inhibition de SIRT1 et HSF1 induisent également un stress du RE réversible en présence de B12. Le traitement des cellules OT par Adox (inhibiteur des méthyltransférases) induit les mêmes effets que la carence. En conclusion, la carence en B12 induit un stress du RE via la diminution de SIRT1 et l'augmentation de HSF1 acétylé, l'ajout de B12 induit des effets neuro-protecteurs sur les cellules soumises à un stress du RE. Ces résultats suggèrent d'évaluer les effets des agonistes de SIRT1 sur les complications cérébrales de la carence / Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in elderly population and produces neurodegenerative disorders by elusive mechanisms. B12 is a key determinant for the S-adenosyl methionine-dependent epigenomic regulations. We have established a B12-deficient cell model via the stable expression of transcobalamin-oleosin chimera (TO), which impairs cellular availability of vitamin B12, reduces SAM level and cell proliferation. Since the expression of oleosin transcobalamin chimera (OT) does not modify the phenotype of the transfected cells, these cells serve as control cells. TO cells present a B12-dependant decrease of deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin1) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) reflected by the increased expression of ER stress tranducers, decreased chaperon proteins and increased pro-apoptotic markers. We propose that the decreased expression of SIRT1 triggers cell response to nutritional stress through ER stress. This decrease results in a greater acetylation of heat-shock factor protein 1 (HSF1) and thus reducing the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Adding B12, SIRT1, or HSF1 activators as well as overexpressing SIRT1 or HSF1 reduce ER stress. In OT cells, thapsigargin treatment or impairing SIRT1 and HSF1 leads to B12-reversible ER stress. Treating OT cells with AdoX, an inhibitor of methyltransferase activities, produces effects similar to those observed in cells with decreased B12 availability.In summary, the impaired cellular availability of vitamin B12 induces ER stress by increasing HSF1 acetylation through a decreased SIRT1 expression and adding vitamin B12 produces neuro-protective effects in cells subjected to prior ER stress. These results suggest evaluating the effects of SIRT1 agonists on cerebral complications due to a B12 deficiency

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T12:29:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto.pdf: 5546725 bytes, checksum: 07839b14efcc510ac5ecfa62b980626e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto.pdf: 5546725 bytes, checksum: 07839b14efcc510ac5ecfa62b980626e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / FAPEMA / Background: The epidemiological rise of metabolic syndrome (MS) is directly related to the exponential increase of added sugar consumption. Studies describes that MSmetabolic disorders, mainly insulin resistance and obesity, are related to development of oxidative stress, cognitive declines and dementias, and neuronal senescence acceleration. Even with several evidences correlating MS to neuronal damage, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), in this context, could be placed like an intermediary condition that interconnects those morbidities. Objective: To investigate the deleterious effects of hippocampal ER stress about progression of cognitive, behavioral and motor declines in rats with metabolic syndrome-induced by sucrose-rich diet in different ages. Methods: Weaned Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: two control groups (CTR, n = 7-9), fed a standard diet and followed up to 3 and 6-months-old, respectively; and two obese groups (HSD, n = 7), fed a sucrose-rich diet (25% sucrose) followed by the same periods. Was assessed in these groups: MS development; redox profile; Cognitive, behavioral and motor functions; And the hippocampal gene/protein expression of UPR sensors (Ire1α, Perk and Atf6), chaperones (Grp78, Grp94, Pdi, Calnexin and Calreticulin), neuronal plasticity (Bdnf), antioxidant defense (Nrf2), apoptosis (Bcl2, Chop and Parp-1) and senescence (p53 and p21). For aging control, rats at 20 months of age (OLD, n = 7) fed standard chow were included as aging control for gene/protein expression and neurological assessments. Results: The sucrose-rich diet was successful in establish the SM-phenotype. At 3 months, we observed central obesity even with lower energy intake, fasting and fed dysglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hapatic ectopic fat deposit, decreased lipolysis rates, glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. In unpublished data, we observed mild lipid peroxidation without exepressive antioxidant enzymes activity, and absence of peripheral insulin resistance. In animals with 6 months, we observed a deepening of metabolic dysfunctions encountered in 3-months-old. In addition we observed weight gain, free fatty acids, hyperinsulinemia, peripheral insulin resistance, increased lipid peroxidation, higher SOD, CAT and GPx reduction activity in 6-months-old rats. The lipolysis rate wasn't performed. Regarding the neurofunctional assessment at 3-months-old, the animals presented motor deficit and anxiogenic behavior, however without cognitive dysfunctions. In 6-months-animals, we observed anxiogenic behavior and important motor and cognitive impairments (learning and memory), similar to OLD group. Hippocampal molecular analysis revealed a different signaling between HSD groups of 3 and 6-months. In HSD at 3 months, we observed a switch-over from UPR-adaptive to pro-apoptotic signaling, marked by increased gene expression of Perk, Atf6 and Pdi A2 (adaptive), reduction of Grp78 and Bcl2, and increases of Chop and Caspase 3 (Apoptotic). In 6-months-HSD, we observed a complete failure of UPR adaptive signaling (UPR sensors and chaperones) and increased apoptotic signaling, featured by Bcl2 reduction and increased gene/protein expression of Chop. Additionally, we observed a reduction in the Bdnf gene expression and protein cleavage of Parp-1 compatible to calpain presence (necrosis/apoptosis marker). The expressions found in the 6-month-HSD were similar to OLD group, but the cell death markers (Chop and Calpain) were found only in HSD. As expected, senescence markers (p53 and p21) were increased in the OLD group and only p21 shown increased in HSD. Conclusions: Our data set supports that prolonged exposure to sucrose-rich diet promotes SM and oxidative stress, which disrupt hippocampal ER homeostasis, leading to senescence acceleration and cell death, and subsequently leads to severe cognitive, behavioral and motor impairments. / Introdução: O crescimento epidemiológico da síndrome metabólica (SM) está diretamente relacionado ao exponencial aumento do consumo de açucares de adição. Estudos descrevem que as desordens metabólicas que compõem a SM, principalmente a resistência insulínica e obesidade, estão relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo, declínios cognitivos, demências e aceleração da senescência neuronal. Mesmo com diversas evidências correlacionando a SM a danos neuronais, os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. Neste contexto, o estresse do retículo endoplasmático (ERE) pode ser apontado como uma condição intermediária que interconecta estas morbidades. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos deletérios do ERE hipocampal sobre a instalação de declínios cognitivos, comportamentais e motores em ratos com síndrome metabólica induzida por dieta rica em sacarose em diferentes faixas etárias. Métodos: Ratos Wistar com 21 dias de vida (desmame) foram divididos em 4 grupos: dois grupos controle (CTR, n = 7-9), alimentados com uma dieta padrão e acompanhados até os 3 e 6 meses de idade, respectivamente; e dois grupos obeso (HSD, n = 7), alimentados com dieta rica em sacarose (sacarose a 25%) acompanhados pelos mesmos períodos. Foi avaliado nos grupos: desenvolvimento de SM; perfil redox; funções cognitivas, comportamentais e motoras; e expressão gênica/proteica hipocampal de sensores da UPR (Ire1α, Perk e Atf6), chaperonas (Grp78, Grp94, Pdi, Calnexina e Calreticulina), plasticidade neuronal (Bdnf), defesa antioxidante (Nrf2), apoptose (Bcl2, Chop e Parp-1) e senescência (p53 e p21). Como um controle de envelhecimento, ratos com 20 meses de idade (OLD, n = 7) alimentados com dieta padrão foram incluídos aos experimentos de expressões gênica/proteica e avaliações neurológicas. Resultados: A dieta rica em sacarose teve sucesso em estabelecer o fenótipo de SM. Com 3 meses, o grupo HSD desenvolveu obesidade central mesmo com menor ingestão energética, disglicemia em estados de jejum e alimentado, hipertrigliceridemia, acúmulo de gordura ectópica hepática, diminuição da taxa de lipólise, intolerância à glicose e resistência hepática à insulina. Em dados não publicados, observamos discreta peroxidação lipídica sem expressiva atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e sem resistência insulínica periférica. Nos animais com 6 meses, observamos um aprofundamento das disfunções metabólicas dos animais de 3 meses. Adicionalmente, observamos ganho de peso, ácidos graxos livres, hiperinsulinemia, resistência insulínica periférica, maior peroxidação lipídica, maior atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT e redução da GPx. No que se refere à avaliação neurofuncional, aos 3 meses de idade, o grupo HSD apresentou déficit motor e comportamento ansiogênico, no entanto sem disfunções cognitivas. Contudo, nos animais de 6 meses observamos comportamento ansiogênico e importantes prejuízos motores e cognitivos (aprendizado e memória), semelhantes ao grupo OLD. A análise molecular hipocampal evidenciou uma sinalização diferente entre os grupos HSD de 3 e 6 meses. No HSD com 3 meses, observamos uma transição da sinalização adaptativa da UPR para a pró-apoptótica, marcada pelo aumento das expressões gênicas de Perk, Atf6 e Pdi A2 (adaptativa), redução da Grp78 e aumento da Chop e Caspase 3 (apoptótica). No HSD de 6 meses, observamos uma falência total da sinalização adaptativa da UPR (sensores da UPR e chaperonas), e aumento da sinalização apoptótica, caracterizada pela redução do Bcl2 e aumento da expressão gênica/proteica de Chop. Adicionalmente, observamos também redução da expressão gênica do Bdnf, redução da expressão proteica de Grp94 e clivagem proteica do Parp-1 compatível com a presença de Calpaína (marcador de necrose/apoptose). As expressões encontradas no HSD de 6 meses foram semelhante as alterações observadas no grupo OLD, mas os fatores de morte celular (Chop e Calpaína) foram encontrados apenas no HSD. Como esperado, os marcadores de senescência (p53 e p21) estavam aumentados no grupo OLD e apenas o p21 se mostrou aumentado no HSD. Conclusões: Nosso conjunto de dados apoia que a exposição prolongada à dieta rica em sacarose promove SM e estresse oxidativo, que perturba a homeostase do RE hipocampal, acarretando aceleração da senescência e morte celular, e subsequentes prejuízos cognitivos, comportamentais e motores.