Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a promising emerging technology that enables road safety, traffic management, and passengers and drivers comfort applications. Many applications require multi-hop routing; position-based routing (PBR) is a well-recognized routing paradigm that performs well in the vehicular context to enable these applications. However, there are many security challenges and various routing attacks which may prevent the deployment of PBR protocols. In this study, we propose a novel security scheme called ESPR to secure PBR protocols in VANETs. ESPR considers both digital signature and keyed Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) to meet the unique requirements of PBR. In ESPR, all legitimate members share a secret key. ESPR scheme applies a novel probabilistic key distribution to allow unrevoked members to update the shared secret key. Furthermore, it defines a set of plausibility checks that enables network members to detect and avoid PBR attacks autonomously. By conducting security analysis and performance evaluation, ESPR scheme demonstrated to outperform its counterparts in terms of communication overhead and delay while achieving robust and secure operation.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a promising emerging technology that enables road safety, traffic management, and passengers and drivers comfort applications. Many applications require multi-hop routing; position-based routing (PBR) is a well-recognized routing paradigm that performs well in the vehicular context to enable these applications. However, there are many security challenges and various routing attacks which may prevent the deployment of PBR protocols. In this study, we propose a novel security scheme called ESPR to secure PBR protocols in VANETs. ESPR considers both digital signature and keyed Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) to meet the unique requirements of PBR. In ESPR, all legitimate members share a secret key. ESPR scheme applies a novel probabilistic key distribution to allow unrevoked members to update the shared secret key. Furthermore, it defines a set of plausibility checks that enables network members to detect and avoid PBR attacks autonomously. By conducting security analysis and performance evaluation, ESPR scheme demonstrated to outperform its counterparts in terms of communication overhead and delay while achieving robust and secure operation.

Till följd av att Europeiska unionen försöker uppnå de globala klimatmål som ställts i och med Agenda 2030, uppkommer även förslaget Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulations (ESPR) av den Europeiska kommissionen. Förordningen har i mål att skapa en större hållbarhet på den europeiska produktmarknaden genom att kravställa redovisning som kan främja cirkularitet inom framtida produktlivscykler. Med ESPR framkommer även begreppet kring digitala produktpass (DPP), en digital representation av en fysisk produkt som redovisar produktrelaterad data i syfte av att främja cirkularitet, transparens och mer hållbara konsumentmönster. Det digitala produktpasset är en central del av ESPR och gäller för samtliga produkter som säljs på den europeiska marknaden. Denna studie har undersökt hur ett praktiskt fall av implementation av digitala produktpass har tagit form hos en svensk, medelstor möbeltillverkare. Studien har undersökt hur dynamiken, som uppstått på grund av ESPR i en tillverkningsbaserad sektor, tagit form och vilka förberedelser, problem samt möjligheter som uppstått i och med förordningen. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med centrala aktörer inom IT- och möbelproduktion har studien identifierat kritiska områden kring behovet av standardisering, utmaningar som medföljer teknologin samt osäkerheter kring validitet av data. Trots de tekniska och organisatoriska hinder som uppkommit, visar resultatet även på fördelar och möjligheter med DPP såsom ökad hållbarhet, större tillförlitlighet till kunder samt möjligheter till utökade och effektivisering av befintliga affärsprocesser och affärsmodeller. / In response to the European Union’s efforts to meet the global climate goals set forth by Agenda 2030, the European Commission has introduced the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulations (ESPR). The regulation aims to enhance sustainability in the European product market by requiring disclosures that can promote circularity in future product life cycles. With the introduction of ESPR, the concept of Digital Product Passports (DPP) emerged. A digital representation of a physical product that documents product-related data with the goal of promoting circularity, transparency, and more sustainable consumer patterns. The digital product passport is a central part of the ESPR and will apply to all products sold on the European market. This study has examined a practical case of how implementing digital product passports has taken shape at a medium-sized Swedish furniture manufacturer. The study explores the dynamics that have arisen due to ESPR in a manufacturing-based sector, examining the preparations done, problems that have arisen and opportunities that have emerged due to the regulation. Through semi-structured, qualitative interviews with key actors within IT and furniture production, the study has identified critical areas concerning the need for standardization, challenges associated with the technology and uncertainties regarding validity of data. Despite technical and organizational obstacles that have arisen, the results of this study also highlight the advantages and opportunities of DPPs, such as increased sustainability, greater reliability for customers, and opportunities to expand and streamline existing business processes and models.