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This thesis is a contribution to the growing number of studies aimed at clarifying the exact nature of encounters between religion and science in the nineteenth century. Owing to the writings of John William Draper (1811-82) and Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918), and, indeed, to the recent efforts new atheists such as Richard Dawkins, the image of intrinsic, deadly and enduring conflict has been firmly rooted in the public consciousness. By attending to the specifics of geographical location, and by being sensitive to the ways in which local cultural conditions shaped their encounters, this dissertation sheds further light on the complex, intricate and capricious interrelations between science and religion and demonstrates that the so-called 'nineteenth-century relationship' cannot be exclusively read as one of battle. Using 1874-1895 as its time frame, and through a historio-geographical examination of four public controversies, namely, the Irish Catholic response to Tyndall's presidential address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Belfast in 1874, the Dunedin Presbyterian reaction to Alfred Robertson Fitchett's The Ethics of Evolution in 1876, the spectacle surrounding Alexander Winchell's dismissal from the Methodist-controlled Vanderbilt University in Nashville in 1878, and the furore sparked within the Free Church of Scotland following the publication of Henry Drurnmond's The Ascent of Man in 1894, this thesis demonstrates how late-nineteenth century encounters between religion and science were clearly products of particular geographical locations and, for that reason, varied from place to place, location to location, site to site.

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Seit einigen Jahren genießen naturalistische Religionstheorien zunehmend Aufmerksamkeit, was nicht zuletzt mit dem Erfolg und dem öffentlichen Interesse an den Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften zusammenhängt. Dabei ist auffällig, dass solche Religionstheorien vorwiegend von Kognitionswissenschaftlern, Evolutionspsychologen, Anthropologen und Philosophen hervorgebracht werden, während die Religionswissenschaft, vor allem in Deutschland, bisher nur wenig zu dem Thema beizutragen hatte. Unter naturalistischen Religionstheorien sollen hier daher Ansätze verstanden werden, welche die Entstehung, Evolution und Verbreitung von Religion aus biologischen, evolutionären oder kognitiven Bedingungen heraus erklären wollen. Die Frage, ob Religion(en) natürlichen oder kulturellen Ursprungs ist/sind und ob – beziehungsweise wie – sich natürliche von kulturellen Ebenen menschlichen Verhaltens überhaupt unterscheiden lassen, stellt daher auch für die Religionswissenschaft eine theoretische Herausforderung dar. Das hier vorliegende Themenheft der ZfR widmet sich den neueren (und teilweise älteren) naturalistischen Ansätzen in der Religionsforschung und fragt insbesondere nach den Grenzen und Möglichkeiten, ‚Religion‘ aus biologischen, evolutionären und kognitiven Zugängen zu erforschen und gegebenenfalls auch zu erklären.

This thesis is an in-depth critical analysis of the nature of the science/religion relationship. The purpose of this project is to expose the problems associated with the many fallacies related to these phenomena, and to evaluate the reasons behind certain perceptions. It outlines the damage done through years of misconceiving and misunderstanding the concepts of science and religion, and to address what led to such inadequacies in interpretation, emphasizing the use of insufficient and archaic methodologies. A number of the methodological problems that will be assessed are the following: Chapter One will focus primarily on the issues related to the definition of religion and will evaluate how this was/is a contributing factor in how ‘religion’ is received and recognized in the academic community as well as in more popular circles. The main emphasis here will be on the false conception that ‘religion’ is a stagnant concept rather than a dynamic one, and will be examined through an appraisal of its chromatic history. This will be followed by an examination of the primarily Christocentric and Western ideologies that are endemic to this field of study, and will demonstrate how these beliefs are related to the Western construction of ‘religion’ and are tied strongly to the spread of imperialism throughout the world. Chapter Two will build on these issues, through highlighting the Western conceptualizations of religion and science, especially the erroneous belief that these phenomena are universally shared. Similarly evaluated in this chapter will be a number of other factors: (1) The subjective approaches taken by some scholars who insist on making ‘science’ sound more like ‘religion’ through the use of clever machinations. (2) Related to this is the concept of inclusivism, which will call attention to the negative effects that Western biases (in academia) have on non-Western practices, mainly denuding them of their cultural uniqueness. (3) Furthermore, this chapter will examine the over simplification of complex cultural phenomena in academia and will evaluate the inefficacy of certain works in dealing with these phenomena. This will be garnished with a critical assessment of this scholarship and will gauge how years of misinformation and negligence (within the academy) has led to a troubling relationship between science and religion. This will be proceeded by a case-study of the ‘scientific movement’ known as transhumanism as a means to demonstrate the long lasting and problematic effects that years of misinterpretation has had on the popular understanding of the science/religion phenomena, from at least one perspective. This will be concluded with an examination of the future of this evolution. Evidenced here through the use of SF film, is how transhumanism, because of its relationship to science and religion and its communion with popular transcultural SF ideas, has the potential to become a site for a belief system that translates well cross-culturally and incorporates both of these phenomena.

This study was conducted during the first year of the implementation of the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) in Grade Five in South Africa. It is compulsory for teachers to implement the RNCS in this country. Investigations play a central role in learning in science education, and this study focuses on the Assessment Standard of Learning Outcome 1 in the Natural Sciences Learning Area that relates to children's abilities to ask questions that they can investigate themselves. Children struggle to formulate questions that can be used for investigations, and so they need to be taught how to do this. However, there is a paucity of research literature providing empirical evidence of how to teach children to ask investigable science questions. The aim of this study was to provide empirical data on the use of the teaching strategies suggested in the research literature, that is, to investigate which strategies science teachers use in teaching children how to ask questions that can be used in science investigations.

Naturalistische Religionstheorien basieren auf der grundlegenden Annahme, dass sich Religionen aus den evolutionären und biologischen Merkmalen des Menschen entwickelt haben und somit zur ‚Natur‘ des Menschen gehören. In den letzten Jahren wurden solche Theorien durch den Einfluss der Kognitionswissenschaften weiterentwickelt und stellen mittlerweile ein neues Paradigma in der Religionsforschung dar. Demgegenüber steht das Verständnis einer kulturwissenschaftlich ausgerichteten Religionswissenschaft, die davon ausgeht, dass Religionen soziale Konstrukte beziehungsweise kulturelle Symbolsysteme sind. Der Beitrag stellt neben der klassischen Religionstheorie von Walter Burkert auch neuere Theorien vor und diskutiert, inwiefern solche naturalistischen Ansätze mit einem kulturwissenschaftlichen Verständnis von Religion kompatibel sind und worin deren Mehrwert für die Religionswissenschaft liegen kann. / Naturalistic theories of religion stem from the assumption that religions have developed on the basis of humans’ biological and evolutionary features and therefore are part of human ‚nature‘. Under the influence of modern cognitive sciences such theories have been developed further in recent years, which now represent a new paradigm within the broader study of religions. This stands in contrast to cultural approaches to religion, which take religions primarily as social constructs and cultural symbolsystems. In this article I introduce both the more classical naturalistic approach by Walter Burkert and some of the newer approaches from the so-called Cognitive Science of Religion in order to discuss how these theories relate to a cultural understanding of religion in general and whether they offer additional benefits for the study of religion in particular.

Benjamin J. Dasher. / "November 20, 1951." / Bibliography: p. 48. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-100, Project no. 8-102B-0. Dept. of the Army Project no. 3-99-10-022.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει υπάρξει μια σημαντική αύξηση της χρηματοδότησης και της απασχόλησης στην αποκατάσταση του ποταμού. Το παρόν έγγραφο παρέχει μια προσέγγιση για τη διεπιστημονική φύση του θέματος και προσφέρει καθοδήγηση σχετικά με τα διαθέσιμα εργαλεία για να απαντήσει σε ερωτήσεις σχετικά με τη διαχείριση των ποταμών σε πολύ διαφορετικές κλίμακες / In recent years there has been a marked increase in funding and employment in river restoration. This paper provides an approach to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject and offers guidance on the tools available to answer questions on river management on very difference scales