The morphological and ecologicalevolution of middle-upper Eocene planktonic foraminiferal family Hantkeninidae is investigated in the context of the dramatic palaeoceanographic and climatic changes that marked the transition from Paleogene "greenhouse" to Neogene "icehouse" climatic conditions. Morphometric analysis proves that evolution in family Hantkeninidae was gradual but complex in detail with periods of relative stasis. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that Hantkenina evolved from planispiral clavate genus Clavigerinella and not, as was previously believed, from Pseudohastigerina micra. The ancestor of Clavigerinella was probably a low trochospiral form Paragloborotalia sp., which has been recognized for the first time in this study at a number of sites. Trends in chamber inflation, tubulospine angle and the position of the tubulospine on each chamber show the most dramatic evolutionary changes, indicating that these are the most useful characters for taxonomy. These morphological changes correlate well with known palaeoceanographic changes as well as the shift in hantkeninid ecology from a deep to a surface water habitat. Hantkeninids underwent pronounced adaptive evolution in depth habitats during the initial phase of the climatic transition. Lower middle Eocene forms lived in a cool deep-water environment within or below the oceanic thermocline and shifted to warmer surface waters in the late middle Eocene. They evolved in the low latitudes and were primarily. a tropical-subtropical group. The occurrence of Hantkenma australis at relatively high northerly and southerly latitudes during the middle Eocene may record a temporary expansion of warmer water conditions into these regions, possibly representing a hitherto unknown "hyperthermal" event. Clavigerinella is rare in middle Eocene open-ocean sequences but occasionally occurs in relative abundance in other localities (such as on continental margins and oceanic seamounts), suggesting that it was specialized for living in upwelling regions. A revised taxonomy of family Hantkeninidae is presented that reflects new understanding ofhantkeninid evolution. The reconstructed phylogeny demonstrates that the tubulospine-bearing genera Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina represent a monophyletic clade. Multivariate analysis suggests that more than one morphological population existed at several times and that these may represent biological species. The results demonstrate that the hantkeninids are not merely passive recorders of ocean conditions but have instead evolved morphology and changed habitat in response to climate change.

To this day, the field of the information systems (IS) research, belonging to an intact field, has evolved over thirty years. Due to the rapid development of information technology, the information systems have not only influenced enterprises and personal life but also impacted on IS research field. The development of Taiwan IS research community though lags behind that of foreign countries. During the past decade, the proportion of IS research community in Taiwan has increased tremendously and the IS research community has played an important role in local information systems and accumulation of relevant knowledge about business electronics as well. However, when the researchers want to propose their research results, they will encounter several difficulties, for instance: they do not fully understand the ecology of IS research, and it is not easy for them to keep up with the trends of future development of the IS, so they just follow the trends and cannot create them by themselves. In order to transform local IS researches into becoming mainstream of international academic studies, we have to gain insights into IS ecology and diversity of IS studies. Many years earlier, there had been numerous studies about IS research community, but many of them focused on the classifications of IS studies. They did not have concise and accurate predictions, so we try to use rigid ecological modeling method to investigate IS research community in our research. This research will include the foundings, mortality, evolution, density dependence, key species of different IS research issues, and main internal and external environmental forces of IS research diversity as well in order to build the ecological model of IS studies. We hope to not only get hold of evolution and trends of IS studies but also enhance the qualities of IS studies and applications of information systems in Taiwan through this ecological model.