The approach adopted in this thesis is essentially chronological. The first chapter aims to provide a fairly superficial survey of the development of European perceptions of the environment in the early phases of mercantilist expansion, before much in the way of colonial settlement was undertaken. It highlights the connections between expansion and changes in perception with regard to the symbolic importance of islands, botanic gardens and early state responses to timber shortage. It also draws attention to the importance of medical perceptions of the extra-European environment. In the second chapter a comparison is drawn between Dutch and English approaches to the tropical environment in the early years of expansion. Considerable space is devoted to the case of St Helena. This is because it was the first location in which European colonists first acquired a notion of the full environmental implications of their rule and for which detailed documentary evidence is available. The story of the developing ecological crisis on St Helena emphasises how inadequate European precedents were in the encounter between the early colonial state and the tropical environment. It demonstrates, too, the early divergence in perceptions between colonists and the metropolitan power. Early attempts at counteracting the process of ecological deterioration on St Helena underlined the contradictions between the European image of the tropical island and the reality of capital investment in plantation agriculture and 'improvement'. The experience of St Helena was also important in a longer-term way. Many scientists important in the later development of conservation ideas in other parts of the world were specifically influenced by their knowledge of the problematic history of land-use on St Helena and the attempts made there to impede ecological degradation. These included Alexander Beatson, J.R. Forster, Joseph Hooker, F.A. Dalzell and G.P. Marsh. In the third chapter much attention is devoted to the history of eighteenth century Mauritius, partly for comparative purposes and partly to emphasise the attitude of the French state to scientific information and its greater readiness to intervene in environmental matters. The development of an environmental consciousness on Mauritius was significant both as a phenomenon on its own and because of the example which it set. The role of the colonial government naturalist was pioneered there. Concepts of species extinction also emerged clearly, for the first time, on Mauritius and the island also saw the emergence of a legislative conservation policy rooted in a desiccation theory which linked deforestation and soil erosion to hydrological and climatic conditions. Notions of environmental moral economy and the significance of the tropical island are also explored in the chapter, in the context of the emergence of pre-Revolutionary radicalism, Physiocracy and early Romantic thinking. Chapter Four attempts to deal in some depth with the intellectual background to the early nineteenth century response of the British to ecological change in India. The importance of German science and a German 'romanticist' critique of ecological change is outlined and some emphasis is given to the emergence of a 'global' approach to the interactions between people (especially Europeans) and the environment. In particular the significance of the intellectual links between the Cook Voyages and the careers of J.R. Forster, Sir Joseph Banks and Alexander Von Humboldt is stressed. A beginning is also made in the task of surveying the way in which German professional naturalists and doctors deliberately sought out British colonial employ, a phenomenon that was to be important in the emergence of state conservation in India, the Cape, Australia and in other colonies. The chapter makes clear the continuing importance of small island environments during the nineteenth century in stimulating an awareness of environmental vulnerability, particularly for Alexander Beatson, William Burchell and J.B. Boussingault.

Pesquisas em que se procura investigar a relação entre os fatores ambientais e o comportamento dos consumidores são ainda embrionárias no Brasil, o que constitui uma oportunidade para estudos que relacionam o comportamento de compra dos consumidores com as questões ambientais. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar se existe correlação entre os construtos: conhecimento ecológico, afeto ecológico, preocupação ecológica, normas subjetivas e o comportamento de compras verdes. Na busca do alcance dos objetivos propostos, adotou-se uma metodologia caracterizada pela pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se o método transversal simples no processo de coleta dos dados. Foram adotados no estudo dados secundários, provenientes de artigos, livros, dissertações, teses e internet, além de dados primários, coletados com a aplicação de questionários à população-alvo. Partindo-se de uma amostragem aleatória estratificada, essa população foi constituída pelas mulheres acima dos 18 anos, por representarem consumidoras potenciais de produtos cosméticos. No tratamento dos dados dos 500 questionários validados, contemplouse a utilização do coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach e da técnica multivariada de análise fatorial exploratória. Um modelo de regressão múltipla foi testado para explicar o comportamento de compra de cosméticos ecológicos. Os resultados deixam evidências de que as variáveis Normas Subjetivas (NS), Afeto Ecológico (AE), Preocupação Ecológica (PE) e Conhecimento Ecológico (CE) foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes para explicar as variações em Comportamento de Compra de Cosméticos Ecológicos (CCCE), com um R2 de 0,555. Entre as variáveis demográficas testadas, verificou-se que apenas a faixa etária e a classe social exercem influência moderada sobre a variável dependente. Tais resultados sinalizam similaridade entre os resultados obtidos na mensuração da correlação múltipla entre as variáveis independentes, a variável dependente e aqueles observados na teoria sobre a influência da primeira sobre o comportamento de compra de produtos ambientalmente corretos. Os resultados desta tese oferecem uma compreensão adicional sobre os fatores que afetam o processo de decisão de compra do consumidor. Considera-se, portanto, que este trabalho constitui um avanço no estado da arte das pesquisas sobre a relação entre os fatores ambientais e o comportamento dos consumidores, uma vez que foram investigados aspectos não contemplados em estudos anteriores. / Research which seeks to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the consumer behavior is still embryonic in Brazil, which is a unique opportunity for those studies that relate the purchasing behavior of consumers to environmental issues. In this perspective, the goal of this research was to ascertain whether there is correlation between the following constructs: ecological knowledge, ecological affection, ecological concern, subjective norms and green purchase behavior. In pursuit of achieving the proposed objectives, a methodology characterized by exploratory search was used, adopting the simple transverse method in data collection process. In the study, secondary data from articles, books, dissertations, theses and the internet were used, in addition to the primary data, collected with the application of questionnaires to the target population. Based on a stratified random sampling, the population was constituted by women over 18 years old, since they represent potential consumers of cosmetic products. Regarding the data processing of 500 validated questionnaires, the use of Cronbach\'s Coefficient Alpha and multivariate exploratory technique of factor analysis were contemplated. A multiple regression model was tested to explain the behavior of buying ecological cosmetics. The results produce evidence that Subjective Norms (SN), Ecological Affection (EA), Ecological Concern (EC) and Ecological Knowledge (EC) variables were considered statistically significant to explain the variations in Purchase Behavior of Ecological Cosmetics (PBEC), with an R2 of 0.555. Among the demographic variables tested, it was found that only the age and social class exercise moderate influence over the dependent variable. Such results indicate similarity among the results obtained in the measurement of multiple correlations among independent variables, the dependent variable and those observed in theory concerning the influence of the former over the purchasing behavior of environmentally correct products. The results of this thesis offer additional insight about the factors that affect the purchase decision process. Therefore, it is considered that this work is an advance in the state of the art of research about the relationship between environmental factors and the consumer behavior, since aspects not covered in previous studies were investigated.

Pesquisas em que se procura investigar a relação entre os fatores ambientais e o comportamento dos consumidores são ainda embrionárias no Brasil, o que constitui uma oportunidade para estudos que relacionam o comportamento de compra dos consumidores com as questões ambientais. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar se existe correlação entre os construtos: conhecimento ecológico, afeto ecológico, preocupação ecológica, normas subjetivas e o comportamento de compras verdes. Na busca do alcance dos objetivos propostos, adotou-se uma metodologia caracterizada pela pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se o método transversal simples no processo de coleta dos dados. Foram adotados no estudo dados secundários, provenientes de artigos, livros, dissertações, teses e internet, além de dados primários, coletados com a aplicação de questionários à população-alvo. Partindo-se de uma amostragem aleatória estratificada, essa população foi constituída pelas mulheres acima dos 18 anos, por representarem consumidoras potenciais de produtos cosméticos. No tratamento dos dados dos 500 questionários validados, contemplouse a utilização do coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach e da técnica multivariada de análise fatorial exploratória. Um modelo de regressão múltipla foi testado para explicar o comportamento de compra de cosméticos ecológicos. Os resultados deixam evidências de que as variáveis Normas Subjetivas (NS), Afeto Ecológico (AE), Preocupação Ecológica (PE) e Conhecimento Ecológico (CE) foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes para explicar as variações em Comportamento de Compra de Cosméticos Ecológicos (CCCE), com um R2 de 0,555. Entre as variáveis demográficas testadas, verificou-se que apenas a faixa etária e a classe social exercem influência moderada sobre a variável dependente. Tais resultados sinalizam similaridade entre os resultados obtidos na mensuração da correlação múltipla entre as variáveis independentes, a variável dependente e aqueles observados na teoria sobre a influência da primeira sobre o comportamento de compra de produtos ambientalmente corretos. Os resultados desta tese oferecem uma compreensão adicional sobre os fatores que afetam o processo de decisão de compra do consumidor. Considera-se, portanto, que este trabalho constitui um avanço no estado da arte das pesquisas sobre a relação entre os fatores ambientais e o comportamento dos consumidores, uma vez que foram investigados aspectos não contemplados em estudos anteriores. / Research which seeks to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the consumer behavior is still embryonic in Brazil, which is a unique opportunity for those studies that relate the purchasing behavior of consumers to environmental issues. In this perspective, the goal of this research was to ascertain whether there is correlation between the following constructs: ecological knowledge, ecological affection, ecological concern, subjective norms and green purchase behavior. In pursuit of achieving the proposed objectives, a methodology characterized by exploratory search was used, adopting the simple transverse method in data collection process. In the study, secondary data from articles, books, dissertations, theses and the internet were used, in addition to the primary data, collected with the application of questionnaires to the target population. Based on a stratified random sampling, the population was constituted by women over 18 years old, since they represent potential consumers of cosmetic products. Regarding the data processing of 500 validated questionnaires, the use of Cronbach\'s Coefficient Alpha and multivariate exploratory technique of factor analysis were contemplated. A multiple regression model was tested to explain the behavior of buying ecological cosmetics. The results produce evidence that Subjective Norms (SN), Ecological Affection (EA), Ecological Concern (EC) and Ecological Knowledge (EC) variables were considered statistically significant to explain the variations in Purchase Behavior of Ecological Cosmetics (PBEC), with an R2 of 0.555. Among the demographic variables tested, it was found that only the age and social class exercise moderate influence over the dependent variable. Such results indicate similarity among the results obtained in the measurement of multiple correlations among independent variables, the dependent variable and those observed in theory concerning the influence of the former over the purchasing behavior of environmentally correct products. The results of this thesis offer additional insight about the factors that affect the purchase decision process. Therefore, it is considered that this work is an advance in the state of the art of research about the relationship between environmental factors and the consumer behavior, since aspects not covered in previous studies were investigated.

Yes / This research provides a comprehensive delineation of the process that leads to the formation of green behavior by including the role played by media and attitude towards environment-friendly packaging, along with ecological concern and perceived consumer effectiveness. The study offers a parsimonious framework that measures the major antecedents of environmental attitude divided into inward and outward orientation. Moreover, it also measures the effects of these environmental attitudes and attitude towards green packaging on green purchase intention. A total of 308 usable questionnaires were obtained from Indian consumers and data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results show that inward environmental attitude and attitude towards green packaging play a pivotal role in shaping green purchase intention. Surprisingly, outward environmental attitude was found to be non-significant. Findings offer implications for marketing managers and public policy makers, as well as reveal fruitful avenues for further research.

This research was driven by Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to examine the impact of ecological knowledge, ecological concern, and man-nature orientation on green purchasing (including both intention and actual behavior), with the moderating effect of price sensitivity and allowance and/or income. This research surveyed 602 Malaysian university students within the age bracket of 18 to 25, because this specific demographic is a sizeable market and such research is lacking in an emerging economy like Malaysia. The results demonstrated that ecological concern and man-nature orientation influenced purchase intention and actual purchase. The findings also indicated that price sensitivity and allowance and/or income moderated the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior. This study has two implications: (1) it extends TRA by exploring the potential moderating variables between behavioral intention and actual behavior, and its findings adds to the body of knowledge in the area of green consumer behavior; (2) marketing managers can formulate their green marketing strategies effectively by consistently driving heart-warming campaigns to create or stir consumers’ emotions. Marketers should keep in mind that Malaysians are highly influenced by man-nature relationship belief, and additionally, marketers need to be careful in justifying pricing difference between non-green and green products for consumers that are sensitive to price.