<p>The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth and improving the social welfare of people has been the subject of much debate among development specialists, researchers, aid donors as well as recipients in general and Cameroon in particular. In spite of this, there are only few empirical studies that investigate the contributions of foreign aid to economic growth and development in Cameroon. This study explores the impact of foreign aid to economic growth and development in Cameroon using descriptive statistics for data that spans from 1997 to 2006. The results show that foreign aid significantly contributes to the current level of economic growth but has no significant contribution to economic development. The findings imply that Cameroon could enhance its economic development by effectively managing funds from aid and by strategically strengthening anti-corruption measures.</p><p>The rest of the work is organized as follows: Chapter one consist of an introduction, chapter two is the literature review, chapter three constitute the research methodology, chapter four is the data presentation and analyses, chapter five summary of findings and recommendations and lastly chapter six conclusions,</p>

<p>Although there is a considerable evidence on the link between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in developing countries, the causal relationship of these two variables still remains an important question. This study attempts to examine the possible causal relationship between FDI and economic growth in Turkey, during the period 1992 (Quarter 2) – 2006 (Quarter 3). We employed the Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality tests for detecting the long run or short run causality. Our results showed that there is no long run relationship between the variables, which led us to search the causality in the short run. However we couldn’t find any evidence for a causality running from FDI to economic growth or economic growth to FDI in Turkey.</p>

<p>Trade openness, market size, transparency, ease of doing business, location advantagesand low levels of corruption and country risk are the main determinants that attractForeign Direct Investment into a host country. FDI inflows in México have increasedremarkably since 1994 when the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) cameinto effect. Using multiple regression analysis in order to measure the impact of FDI onGDP; the Empirical results showed that a one percent increase in FDI leads on average toan increase of 0.08 percent in GDP which clearly reflects a positive but neither animportant nor a substantial impact of FDI on economic growth in México as it would beexpected. Time series data analysis for the period 1980-2007 has been tested for UnitRoot by applying the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. Each time series after the first differencebecomes stationary and therefore it might be a causal relationship among the variables.However, FDI will not have a real impact on the society unless there is an effective stockof Human Capital capable of learning and absorbing the know-how to work successfullywith the technology that Multinational Corporations bring into the host country with theirinvestment. The challenge for the Mexican Government is to create structural reformssuch as the deregulation of energy and oil sector for private investment that will lead toconstantly higher flows of FDI. In the medium term this will then be reflected in thesociety in terms of poverty reduction and development of its population.</p>

O objetivo deste trabalho visa analisar a relação entre produtividade e o crescimento econômico no Brasil, ou seja, quais são os impactos daquela variável no padrão de vida da população de um país. Para tanto é revisada a literatura acerca da produtividade e do crescimento, sua mensuração, definições, abordagens e determinantes. Avalia-se a experiência internacional tomando como fundamento grupos de países mais e outros menos desenvolvidos. Analisa-se a experiência e realidade brasileira acerca do tema, com um foco mais específico na década de 90 e nos anos 2000. / The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between productivity and economic growth in Brazil, it means, what are the impacts of that variable on the standard of living of a country’s population. For that, it is reviewed the productivity and growth literature, its measurement, definitions, approaches and determinants. It is assessed the international experience taking as base a group of countries more and other less developed. It is analyzed the Brazilian experience and reality about the topic, with a specific focus on 90 decade and 2000 years.

A presente tese tem como objetivo realizar uma aplicação empírica da Lei de Thirlwall para a economia peculiar da China, a fim de apresentar mais uma contribuição que busque explicar os possíveis determinantes do crescimento Chinês. São escassos os estudos que objetivam aplicar a Lei de Thirlwall para o estudo da economia chinesa, conforme afirmado pelo próprio Thirlwall. A tese conta com uma revisão de literatura acerca do crescimento da China, e uma breve contextualização histórica do país, necessária à compreensão do crescimento chinês no longo prazo. Faz-se a apresentação do modelo que respalda a chamada Lei de Thirlwall, bem como, suas principais extensões, seguida de uma revisão de literatura acerca de estudos aplicados sobre a Lei de Thirlwall. Nos capítulos seguintes são apresentados dois estudos aplicados de séries temporais a fim de estimar as elasticidades renda, taxas de câmbio e taxas estimadas de crescimento econômico. O primeiro testa a lei de Thirlwall para a China isoladamente, e o segundo busca uma análise destas variáveis para um conjunto de países. Ao final são apresentados brevemente os resultados obtidos neste estudo. / This thesis aims to perform an empirical application of Thirlwall's law for the peculiar economy of China, with the goal of presenting another contribution that seek to explain the possible determinants of Chinese growth. Are scarce studies that aim Thirlwall's law applied to the study of Chinese economy, as stated by the Thirlwall. The thesis has a review of literature on the growth of China, and a brief historical contextualization of the country needed for understanding of Chinese growth over the long term. The model that supports Thirlwall's law is presented, as well as, its main extensions, followed by a review of literature on applied studies on Thirlwall's Law. In the following chapters are presented two studies applied time series in order to estimate the income elasticities, exchange rates and estimated rates of economic growth. The first test Thirlwall's Law to China alone, and the second seeking an analysis of these variables for a set of countries. At the end are presented briefly the results obtained in this study.

The quantitative assessment of the global effects of climate change requires the construction of income projections spanning large time horizons. Exploiting the robust link between educational attainment, age structure dynamics and economic growth, we use population projections by age, sex and educational attainment to obtain income per capita paths to the year 2100 for 144 countries. Such a framework offers a powerful, consistent methodology which can be used to study the future environmental challenges and to address potential policy reactions.

This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth through a panel analysis containing a set of 61 countries over 15 years. The method we use is the fixed effect regression model in Stata, to see whether openness to trade has explanatory power over GDP per capita growth. We use secondary data taken from World bank and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The data used is a panel data containing 61 countries and the period we are studying starts at 2002 and ends in 2016, a 15 years' time interval. Our empirical results suggest that openness during these years have had a small negative impact on growth, but although this, the variable does not seem to have a statistical significance upon per capita growth within this period of time. Therefore, with reference to this study we cannot see any significance of openness upon growth.

The question of economic growth is one of the most fascinating concepts the development economics department is experiencing. It has been proven that some theories of economic growth can explain the course of development at an accumulated degree in this paper I’m going to investigate if the countries technical progress contributes to its economic growth. Another interesting thing to look at is how growth emerges in different places at different times. This big change in GDP first started to appear in Britain and then in the United States. In countries like Brazil and Japan the standards of living started to rise in the past century and in China GDP growth started just a few decades ago.  GDP have exploded in the most recent two or three centuries. Standard of living has been very low thru most of history. This thesis investigates the relationship between economic growth and the level of technology, and how ever the countries are converging or diverging away from each other. With the help of secondary collected data and a cross country regression model. The results showed similar results according to previous studies, that technical progress contribute to economic growth, some evidence indicating economic convergence were also found.

Submitted by Mariana Fialho Ferreira (mfialho@fgvmail.br) on 2016-12-15T14:46:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BIBLIOTECA_versaofinal_MarianaFialhoFerreira.pdf: 2537770 bytes, checksum: 62298a005f2bff624a91266eff0597cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-12-19T13:19:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BIBLIOTECA_versaofinal_MarianaFialhoFerreira.pdf: 2537770 bytes, checksum: 62298a005f2bff624a91266eff0597cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T19:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BIBLIOTECA_versaofinal_MarianaFialhoFerreira.pdf: 2537770 bytes, checksum: 62298a005f2bff624a91266eff0597cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / In this thesis, we offer an alternative - and perhaps more appropriate - analytical setup for estimating sectoral total factor productivity (TFP). The artificial economy uses inputs from different sectors in producing every commodity, which is either used as an input or consumed by the representative agent in a general equilibrium framework. This input-output structure is suitable for a wide range of exercises, which can be performed using datasets that only recently became available. In the first chapter, we construct 35-activity TFP indices and level series for a group of 40 countries, which responds for more than 85% of world GDP, and aggregate data to construct country-level and 3-sector indices and level series. Our findings suggest that, in most of the countries, the services sector not only has presented higher productivity than industry, but also that these differences are getting larger over time. These results are at odds with some widely known conclusions, which have been drawn from labor productivity data by previous work in the field. It occurs mainly because our framework enables us to quantify the influence of all productive inputs on total factor productivities. In chapter 2, we aim to evaluate the quantitative importance of sectoral cost shares in explaining sectoral and aggregate productivity growth. To this end, we perform a comparative analysis concerning sectoral and country-level TFP growth rates in the USA and in Brazil and conduct two sets of counterfactual exercises. The main purpose of these exercises is to assess to what extent changes in the cost shares associated with intermediate uses of outputs affect sectoral and aggregate total factor productivity growth. As a result of the first set of exercises, we find that the best outcomes - in terms of enhancing TFP growth - seem to be achieved when we replace Brazil's shares of its domestic industry in the total cost of its industry by the corresponding cost shares of the US economy, since they are able to improve TFP in a higher number of activities and, as a result, to boost TFP growth rates in all three sectors and in total economy. From the second set of counterfactuals, we conclude that the optimum choice of international suppliers, as well as the trade-off between domestic and imported inputs, as prescript by the model, are consistent with a more flourishing productivity scenario. Chapter 3 investigates the main determinants of economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), considering changes on last decade's economic environment and measuring the relative importance of favorable external conditions and of proper public policies. We estimate a growth equation using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators designed for dynamic models of panel data and, from the estimated coefficients, we assess the contribution of each group of determinants to expected change on economic growth rates. At last, we conduct a counterfactual exercise, aiming to evaluate to what extent enabling terms of trade were responsible for recent LAC's economic growth. We find that this variable was, indeed, a significant determinant for latin american countries' economic growth over the last decade. / Nesta tese, oferecemos uma abordagem alternativa - e talvez mais apropriada - para a estimação da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) setorial. Nossa economia artificial utiliza insumos produzidos por diferentes setores para produzir cada um dos bens, os quais, por sua vez, podem ser empregados como insumo ou consumidos pelo agente representativo em um arcabouço de equilíbrio geral. Essa estrutura de insumo-produto é adequada a uma ampla gama de exercícios, que podem ser desenvolvidos usando bases de dados que foram disponibilizadas apenas recentemente. No primeiro capítulo, construímos séries em nível e índices de produtividade para 35 atividades e 40 países, que respondem por mais de 85% do PIB mundial, e séries agregadas para países e para os 3 setores da economia. Nossos resultados sugerem que, na maioria dos países, o setor de serviços não apenas apresentou produtividade mais alta do que a indústria, mas também que a diferença de produtividade entre esses dois setores está aumentando com o passar do tempo. Esses resultados vão de encontro a algumas conclusões amplamente conhecidas, as quais foram elaboradas a partir de dados sobre a produtividade do trabalho. Isso ocorre principalmente pelo fato de a nossa abordagem possibilitar a mensuração da influência de todos os insumos produtivos sobre a produtividade total dos fatores. No capítulo 2, nós buscamos avaliar a importância quantitativa dos cost shares setoriais para o crescimento da produtividade setorial e agregada. Para tanto, realizamos uma análise comparativa relacionando as taxas de crescimento da PTF setoriais e agregadas dos EUA e do Brasil, e conduzimos dois conjuntos de exercícios contrafactuais. O principal propósito desses execícios é avaliar em que medida mudanças nos cost shares associados com o uso intermediário de produtos afetam o crescimento da produtividade setorial e agregada. A partir do primeiro conjunto de exercícios, concluímos que os melhores resultados - em termos de elevações no crescimento da PTF - parecem ser alcançados quando substituímos as participações da indústria doméstica brasileira no custo total de sua indústria pelos cost shares norte-americanos correspondentes, uma vez que elas são capazes de melhorar a PTF em um maior número de atividades e, consequentemente, estimular as taxas de crescimento da produtividade em todos os três setores e no agregado da economia. A partir do segundo conjunto de contrafactuais, concluímos que a escolha ótima de fornecedores estrangeiros, assim como o trade-off entre insumos domésticos e importados, como prescritos pelo modelo, são consistentes com um cenário de produtividade mais próspero. O capítulo 3 investiga os principais determinantes do crescimento econômico da América Latina e Caribe (LAC), levando em conta alterações no ambiente econômico da última década e contrastando a importância relativa de condições externas favoráveis com a de políticas públicas adequadas. Nós estimamos a equação de crescimento utilizando estimadores de métodos de momentos generalizados (GMM) desenvolvidos para modelos dinâmicos de dados em painel e, a partir dos coeficientes estimados, investigamos a contribuição de cada um dos grupos de determinantes para a variação esperada do crescimento econômico. Por fim, conduzimos um exercício contrafactual, objetivando quantificar em que medida os termos de troca favoráveis foram responsáveis pelo crescimento econômico recente da região da LAC. Nós concluímos que essa variável foi, de fato, um determinante significativo para o crescimento econômico dos países latino-americanos ao longo da década passada.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a trajetória de desaceleração, vivenciada pela economia brasileira, a partir dos anos 1990 até 2013, com o foco nas restrições impostas ao crescimento econômico – do lado da oferta, de demanda e institucionais – e suas implicações fundamentais. Apoiado nas principais interpretações teóricas e também na literatura empírica sobre a insuficiência do crescimento econômico no Brasil, elaborou-se uma investigação teórico-histórico-empírica, a fim de identificar os principais obstáculos existentes, investigando-se o seu papel na determinação da trajetória verificada nas últimas décadas. O procedimento metodológico envolveu três etapas. Na primeira, buscou-se explicitar um aparato teórico-conceitual, a partir de uma resenha literária sobre a temática do crescimento econômico, com ênfase nos fatores que podem restringir o referido processo, de acordo com três abordagens principais: a economia tradicional (ortodoxa), a vertente keynesiana-neoestruturalista e a visão da economia institucional. A segunda etapa realizou uma discussão reflexiva que identificou o contexto do surgimento e a evolução dos obstáculos relevantes ao crescimento sustentado no Brasil. Na terceira etapa, desenvolveu-se uma análise econométrica que se dividiu em duas partes: a primeira utilizou a metodologia para dados em painéis, para inferir as correlações entre algumas variáveis selecionadas e o crescimento econômico em um conjunto de 67 países entre 1990 e 2013, e a segunda realizou uma análise de séries temporais, visando avaliar a relação entre as restrições ao crescimento e a trajetória de baixo dinamismo, verificada a partir dos anos 1990. Os principais resultados da pesquisa sugeriram a existência de uma relação forte e direta entre a presença das restrições – de oferta, de demanda e institucionais – e o desempenho pífio da economia brasileira, que ocorreu em razão da deterioração dos canais fundamentais para o crescimento sustentado: o investimento, a produtividade e o setor externo, justificando o quadro de semiestagnação que caracterizou as últimas décadas. / The objective of this study was to analyze the trend of deceleration experienced by the Brazilian economy, from the years 1990 to 2013 with a focus on restrictions on economic growth - on the supply side, demand and institutional ones - and its fundamental implications. Supported by the main theoretical interpretations and also by the empirical literature on the failure of economic growth in Brazil, we elaborated a theoretical and historical-empirical research to identify the main obstacles, investigating its role in determining the trend observed in recent decades. The methodological procedure involved three steps. At first, we tried to clarify a theoretical and conceptual apparatus, through a literature review on the economic growth, with emphasis on factors that may restrict this process, according to three main approaches: the traditional (Orthodox) economy, the Keynesian-neoestruturalist vision and the institutional economics. The second stage held a reflective discussion which identified the emergence of the context and the evolution of relevant obstacles to the resumption of economic growth in Brazil. In the third stage, we dedicated to an econometric analysis was divided into two parts developed: the first used the methodology for data panels aiming to infer some correlations between selected variables and economic growth in a set of 67 countries between 1990 and 2013 and, the second, we conducted a time series analysis to evaluate the relationship between the constraints to growth and the trajectory of low dynamism observed from the early 1990. The main results of this study suggested the existence of a strong and direct relationship between the presence of restrictions – of the supply and demand side and institutional ones - and the weak performance of the Brazilian economy, which took place due to the deterioration of basic channels for sustained growth: investment, productivity and the external sector, justifying the semi-stagnation framework that characterized the last decades.