Infant faces represent highly salient visual stimuli that have been shown to elicit intuitive caregiving behaviors in healthy adults. However, the temporal dynamics of infant face processing in parents of young children remain poorly understood and the mechanism of action for the release of intuitive caregiving has not been elucidated. Although substantial advances have been made mapping the parental brain with fMRI, further work is needed to characterize the temporal dynamics of infant visual cue processing—particularly in populations at risk for disruptions in caregiving, such as families raising young children under conditions of economic adversity. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the temporal dynamics of caregivers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces in a sample of mothers raising young children with limited financial resources. To achieve this goal, this study utilized an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm—in combination with self-report and observational measures—to (1) examine the temporal dynamics of mothers’ infant face processing across different phases of perceptual processing; (2) test the relationship between mothers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces and to other aspects of parental function; and (3) examine whether mothers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces are sensitive to change with intervention. Three ERP components examined in prior work with caregivers (i.e., the P100, N170, and P300) were utilized to index the temporal dynamics of infant cue processing and two separate sets of analyses (Study 1 and Study 2) were conducted. Broadly speaking, the data collected in this investigation suggest that, for mothers raising young children under conditions of economic adversity, the parental brain begins differentiating between infant emotional expressions very early in the temporal course of stimulus perception and that mothers’ ERPs for unfamiliar infant faces are associated with other aspects of parental function, including self-reported experience and observable caregiving behavior. Preliminary analyses suggest that ERPs for unfamiliar infant faces are sensitive to change via a strength-based parenting program designed to reinforce caregivers’ attention to infant cues. These results are discussed with an emphasis on directions for future research and study limitations.