L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser théorique, expérimentale et empiriquement des rationalités des actions collectives au sein de microsystèmes économiques associatifs, particulièrement l'étude de las ferias ou les marchés libres au Chili et les marchés agro-écologiques dans l'Etat Fédéral du Paraná, Brésil. Notre point de départ a été l'analyse systémique, parce que ces phénomènes économiques et sociaux contiennent une grande complexité. D'abord parce qu'il s'agit d'un univers qui contient des expériences particulières et que passer de l'expérience locale vers le global ou théorique n'est pas évident. Et, ensuite, parce que ces expériences doivent être comprises à l'intérieur de l'ensemble systémique dans lequel elles s'insèrent, qui ne peut pas se réduire à un simple agrégat d'individus ou d'institutions. Par conséquent, au niveau de la recherche, cela implique un regard bifocal qui redessine l'univers total au fur et à mesure que l'on entre dans les particularités. Les travaux de terrain ont été réalisés dans la région de Paraná, Brésil, ainsi que dans celle de Valparaíso et dans la région métropolitaine du Chili, mais aussi on a un petit échantillon d'agriculteurs et organisations au Chili pour analyser des hypothèses du capital social, comportement coopératifs, et d'administration de recours communs. En considération que l'action collective implique le développement de un contexte coopérative, qu'involucre des processus de construction de “confiance” dans un monde où l'information n'est pas disponible et/ou elle est coûteuse, surtout quand il s'agit de collectifs qui travaillent dans des réseaux très vastes du point de vue territorial, comme c'est le cas des deux réseaux que nous présenterons dans cette recherche. Alors, la foi en l'autre et le pari sur son honnêteté deviennent importants. En effet, l'évidence signale que dans les marchés collectifs, toujours il y a une tension entre l'individualisme et la génération de confiance et coopération. A partir de cela, nous avons formulé cette hypothèse : la probabilité de survivre davantage dans le temps qui pour nous, est un indicateur de réussite, est en rapport avec les réseaux de voisinage et d'institutionnalité et avec les types de réseaux. Si ces réseaux apparaissaient dans une ambiance qui stimule la coopération, la probabilité de durer augmente. Pour faire cette analyse nous utilisons l'encadrement théorique de l'économie institutionnel, spécifiquement sur l'influence de Commons, Veblen et Ostrom, et à partir des méthodologies identifiées de « deuxième génération » , en analysant des comportements économiques avec les outils de la théorie des jeux et en incorporant un nouvel outil qui est l'analyse des réseaux sociaux, comme proposition pour modeler une rationalité collective dans un contexte institutionnel. Puis, nous reviendrons aux territoires, en reprenant les outils méthodologiques qualitatifs identifiés comme dépêche de la « première génération », en cherchant à approfondir les concepts de coopération, de confiance et les mécanismes d'auto-organisation, à partir de la signification depuis l'expérience des collectivités. Pour réaliser finalement une proposition méthodologique qui permet de faire dialoguer tant les dynamiques institutionnelles depuis sa profondeur, comme aussi la scène expérimentale, en incorporant l'analyse des réseaux sociaux pour la construction des modèles analytiques. En cherchant des méthodes d'analyses pour les différentes rationalités des actions collectives au sein de microsystèmes économiques associatifs. Une réflexion sur les méthodes d'analyses de terrain et d'interactions entre travail de terrain et résultats obtenus pour la réflexion dans la science économique. / The aim of this study is to analyze the theoretical, experimental and empirical rationalities underlying collective actions within associative economic microsystems. In particular, in the study of fairs and free markets in Chile and of agro-ecological markets in the Federal State of Paraná, Brazil. Due to the high complexity as it rises from these economic and social phenomena, our starting point has been the systemic analysis. It is about a universe with particular experiences, in which inferences from local level -the experiences- to global level -the theory- are not obvious. Furthermore, these experiences must be understood from the systemic set, which in its turn, cannot be reduced to the mere aggregation of individuals and institutions. Thus, at a research level, it implies the use of a bifocal gaze, with which the whole universe is reconfigured as someone enters into the details of its particularities. The field works were conducted in Valparaíso and Metropolitan Regions of Chile and in regions of Paraná Federal State of Brazil. In addition, a small sample of farmers and organizations in Chile was also considered to test hypothesis on social capital, cooperative behavior and shared resources management. The evidence suggests that sustainable collective actions require of a cooperative context which, at the time, involves processes to build up “confidence relations”. On another hand, information in that world is unavailable, scarce and/or costly. In addition, collective communities -as is the case analyzed in this Thesis- may be working over extended territorial networks. In these cases, the declaration, construction and commitment to the honesty of the other and to the whole become very relevant. Thus the evidence shows that in collective markets, there is always a tension between individualism and necessarily generation of trust and cooperation. Therefore the following hypothesis is stated: the probability of surviving during the time -which can be considered an indicator of success-, was related to neighborhood and the kind of institutional networks. If these networks are in an environment that fosters cooperation, the probability of survival is increased. Institutional economics are used as a theoretical framework for the analysis. More specifically, those influenced by Commons, Veblen and Ostrom. In addition, methodologies identified as those of "second generation" are also used. These methodologies allow the analysis of economic behavior using the tools of game theory. Finally, we propose to incorporate social network analysis as a way to model collective rationality in an institutional context. Then we shall turn over to the territories where “first generation” methodological tools are applied to look further on the concept of cooperation, trust and self-organizing mechanisms from the significance of the acquired collective experiences. Finally, efforts are made to elaborate a methodological proposal that allows enforcing dialogs about institutional dynamics from its depth, as well as about the experimental stage, and to incorporate social network analysis, in order to build up analytical models. In the search of analytical methods for the different rationalities of collective action within associative economic microsystems a reflection is required on the methods of field analysis and on the interactions between fieldworks and results obtained for theoretical reflection in economics.

No plano teórico, ao problematizar a rígida sepação entre meios e fins, liberdade e necessidade, esta dissertação interroga sobre as possibilidades e os entraves à criação democrática no interior de relações de produção, que estão submetidas aos imperativos da esfera da reprodução. No plano empírico, as empresas de trabalhadores autogeridas, que surgiram a partir das transformações no mundo do trabalho no Brasil da década de 90, introduzem de forma contraditória elementos da ordem moral no seio das relações de trabalho. O que emerge do conflito entre a lógica gestionária e a lógica política? Quais são os dilemas que estão postos por essas experiências? Essas questões são analisadas em três dimensões: as relações de produção, os trabalhadores e o contexto socioeconômico em que as empresas autogeridas estão inseridas. Partindo das contradições (internas e externas) vividas pelas empresas autogeridas a discussão evidencia a própria constituição sócio-política do campo econômico e das condições de eficiência. Na parte final, o texto questiona a emergência das empresas autogeridas e da Economia Solidária a partir das seguintes encruzilhadas: a relação entre a criação de espaços democráticos e o processo de desregulamentação das relações de trabalho; a relação entre teoria e instituição do real; entre técnica e política, e ainda, entre ação de sobrevivência e ação criativa. A dissertação conclui afirmando que é justamente o fato das empresas autogeridas introduzirem uma descontinuidade na ordem gestionária da vida (não-política e não-humana), que cria a possibilidade de constituição de um espaço potencialmente democrático que pode ou não se realizar. / From a theoretical perspective, throughout a reflection on the rigid separation between ends and means, freedom and necessity, the following thesis intends to investigate the possibilities and the limits for democratic creation inside productive relations that are under the rules of the reproduction sphere. From the empirical perspective, the worker´s self-management enterprises - that arose from the 90´s Brazilian labor´s world transformation context – introduce moral elements into the labor relation in a contradictory way. What does come out of conflict between the management and political logics? What are the dilemmas posed by those experiences? Those questions are analysed in three dimensions: production relations; workers, and the socioeconomic context that selfmanagment enterprises are embeded in. As the discussion departes from the contradictions (internal and external) lived by the self-management enterprises, it shows the economic field and the conditions of efficiency as a socio-political construction.The last part of the text interrogates self-management enterprises and Solidary Economy emergence from the following crossroads: the relation between the creation of democratic spaces and the labor relations de-regulation process; theory and reality construction; technique and politic, and between survival and creative actions. To conclude, the thesis proposes that is the very fact that self-management enterprises introduces a discontinuity into the lives´ management order (non-political, non-human) that creates the potential to constitute democratic spaces that might, or might not, be accomplished.

No plano teórico, ao problematizar a rígida sepação entre meios e fins, liberdade e necessidade, esta dissertação interroga sobre as possibilidades e os entraves à criação democrática no interior de relações de produção, que estão submetidas aos imperativos da esfera da reprodução. No plano empírico, as empresas de trabalhadores autogeridas, que surgiram a partir das transformações no mundo do trabalho no Brasil da década de 90, introduzem de forma contraditória elementos da ordem moral no seio das relações de trabalho. O que emerge do conflito entre a lógica gestionária e a lógica política? Quais são os dilemas que estão postos por essas experiências? Essas questões são analisadas em três dimensões: as relações de produção, os trabalhadores e o contexto socioeconômico em que as empresas autogeridas estão inseridas. Partindo das contradições (internas e externas) vividas pelas empresas autogeridas a discussão evidencia a própria constituição sócio-política do campo econômico e das condições de eficiência. Na parte final, o texto questiona a emergência das empresas autogeridas e da Economia Solidária a partir das seguintes encruzilhadas: a relação entre a criação de espaços democráticos e o processo de desregulamentação das relações de trabalho; a relação entre teoria e instituição do real; entre técnica e política, e ainda, entre ação de sobrevivência e ação criativa. A dissertação conclui afirmando que é justamente o fato das empresas autogeridas introduzirem uma descontinuidade na ordem gestionária da vida (não-política e não-humana), que cria a possibilidade de constituição de um espaço potencialmente democrático que pode ou não se realizar. / From a theoretical perspective, throughout a reflection on the rigid separation between ends and means, freedom and necessity, the following thesis intends to investigate the possibilities and the limits for democratic creation inside productive relations that are under the rules of the reproduction sphere. From the empirical perspective, the worker´s self-management enterprises - that arose from the 90´s Brazilian labor´s world transformation context – introduce moral elements into the labor relation in a contradictory way. What does come out of conflict between the management and political logics? What are the dilemmas posed by those experiences? Those questions are analysed in three dimensions: production relations; workers, and the socioeconomic context that selfmanagment enterprises are embeded in. As the discussion departes from the contradictions (internal and external) lived by the self-management enterprises, it shows the economic field and the conditions of efficiency as a socio-political construction.The last part of the text interrogates self-management enterprises and Solidary Economy emergence from the following crossroads: the relation between the creation of democratic spaces and the labor relations de-regulation process; theory and reality construction; technique and politic, and between survival and creative actions. To conclude, the thesis proposes that is the very fact that self-management enterprises introduces a discontinuity into the lives´ management order (non-political, non-human) that creates the potential to constitute democratic spaces that might, or might not, be accomplished.