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Hong Kong development: a dependency case?Ip, Hak-shiu., 葉克紹. January 1983 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Urban Studies / Master / Master of Social Sciences
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The foundation of the global economy : the evolution of the international regime for private trade law from the eleventh through the twentieth centuriesCutler, Athena Claire 11 1900 (has links)
This study analyzes the evolution of the regime
governing private international trade law from its inception
in the eleventh century through to its modern formulation in
the twentieth century. It also seeks to explain its
development by focusing on three theories of international
relations.
The regime is defined in terms of its substantive and
procedural dimensions. The nature and strength of the norms
governing the substantive dimension (prices, liability for
defective goods, allocation of transport costs, insurance,
and financial and credit arrangements) and the procedural
dimension (locus of regulation, methodology of rule
creation, and dispute settlement) are analyzed over three
historical phases. These three periods are the medieval
period, from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries, the
early modern period, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth
centuries, and the modern period in the twentieth century.
The regime norms are found to exhibit significant continuity
over time, although there has been considerable variation in
the rules. The strength of the regime has also varied over
the three phases.
Three theoretical perspectives (structural realism,
functionalism, and sociological analysis) are evaluated for
their relative ability to explain the origin, evolution,
nature, and strength of the regime. Each perspective is
found to offer important insights, but a synthesis of
approaches is necessary to capture the complexity and
richness of the regime's evolution. Structural realism does
not account for the origin of the regime and is of limited
assistance in explaining the strength of voluntary
standards. It does, however, explain the influence that
states' concerns for political/legal autonomy have had on
the regime and offers a reasonably good account of the roles
that the United States and the United Kingdom have played in
the evolution of the regime. Sociological analysis assists
in accounting for the origin and nature of the regime, but
it does not provide a comprehensive theory of cooperation.
Reference to the other approaches is required as a
supplement to sociological analysis. Functionalism provides
the best explanation of the origin and nature of the regime.
However, it is unable to account for variations in the
strength of the regime over the three historical periods.
Reference to the influence of changing structures of
political authority and to the ideas, knowledge, and values
of the major commercial actors is necessary as a supplement
to functional analysis.
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Economic policies in developing and emerging market economies : three essays in international and development economicsWang, Shengzu, 1978- January 2008 (has links)
This thesis consists of three essays, which focus on different aspects of economic policy issues faced by developing and emerging market economies. The first essay explores the effect of monetary policy credibility on exchange rate volatility in a small open economy, even if the exchange rate is not an explicit target set by the monetary authority. Using an open economy framework modified from Gall and Monacelli (2005) and Walsh (2006), it shows that monetary policy credibility helps to stabilize the exchange rate as supply and demand side shocks hit the domestic economy. The monetary policy credibility can be achieved by the monetary authority's commitment to certain rules aiming for output/price smoothing. In the empirical analysis inflation targeting is used as a proxy variable for monetary credibility. The GARCH model of selected South-East Asian countries indicates that countries with inflation targeting policies have exhibited reduced exchange rate volatility when other factors are controlled. / The second essay looks at FDI inflows into developing economies. Two distinctive differences of FDI inflows between developed and developing economies are entry modes and evidence of government regulations. This essay investigates the incentives of FDI flows in terms of cost-saving merger, fixed cost of entry and the role of government policies. In particular it shows that, if the cost-saving effect is large and the government intervenes, the foreign firm will consider the FDI through either Greenfield or Brownfield, which corresponds to the situation for FDI flows into developing economies. Otherwise, the foreign firm will only consider Brownfield or staying outside, which stands for the developed economy case. Since one remarkable feature of the FDI flows into developing countries is the benefit of cost-saving from low labour costs, this essay takes this effect into account and provides insights for economic "outsourcing". The multi-stage sequential game model presented in this chapter provides comparable results for the pattern of the FDI flows affected by regulation and institutional factors, which are not addressed by existing literature. Finally, it reveals some intuition and feature of a developing economy where the government regulations on FDI flows are more often observed. / The third essay deals with the resource/revenue reallocation within powerful groups in the economy and the impact of the rent-seeking behavior of these groups on the economic growth and the social welfare. In particular, it introduces a dynamic model of resource-grabbing by status-conscious agents, i.e., agents value not only their absolute consumption levels, but also the relative status within his/her reference group. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of the "positional externalities" on the urge to seek rent and to connect the "tragedy of the commons" problem with relative consumption. The model shows that the greater is agents' concern about their relative status, the more aggressively they tend to behave. Consequently, the social welfare is lower because the growth rate of the public asset is reduced due to higher extraction rate. After introducing heterogeneity, it shows that the social welfare decreases as the distribution of status-consciousness among agents widens. Finally, it provides some policy suggestions that the government might consider to achieve a second best social outcome.
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Essays in policy analysis and strategy : entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and tradeArend, Richard James 11 1900 (has links)
Separate essays on entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and trade comprise this thesis.
The emergence of entrepreneurship is common in the real world but relatively less so in classical
economic models. If industry incumbents are attributed with full rationality and perfect foresight,
then there are few, if any, profitable opportunities left for new entrants (entrepreneurs) to
exploit. This essay explains how entrepreneurs can emerge in a dynamic world when firms must
choose between a technology strategy that is either statically or dynamically efficient. A model
is developed which shows how such opportunities for new entry can occur when incumbents are
caught in a Prisoners’ Dilemma game involving technology strategy. A relevance measure and
policy implications are then explored.
Joint ventures, especially of the R&D type, are becoming increasingly important as a way to
gain needed technological and market competencies. Unfortunately, many joint ventures have
the characteristics of a Prisoners’ Dilemma. Firms may cooperate or defect in the venture. If
contracts, side-payments, and third-party verification of the venture outcome are unavailable,
then the dominant solution to the Prisoners’ Dilemma (mutual defection) results. This paper
proposes the use of an ex-ante auction to obtain a Pareto-improvement for these ventures. A
Pareto-improvement is assured when non-transferable costs and benefits of firms are not
conditional on joint venture strategies. When this condition is not met restrictions are required
to obtain the Pareto-improvement.
The problem of trade between countries that share an international open access resource is
becoming significant as the world reaches the limits of critical shared resource stocks. It is
modelled as a world with one primary factor, two intermediate goods, one final good (harvested
from the open access resource), and two nations where it is assumed that either the trading takes
place over one stage (nations are price-takers), or two stages (nations have market power).
Imperfect competition and open access generated externalities affect the trading efficiency. To
maximize world welfare this essay recommends subsidizing R&D where comparative advantage
exists, and creating international agreements to ensure the one-stage game structure is used when
trading.
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Essays in policy analysis and strategy: entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and tradeArend, Richard James 11 1900 (has links)
Separate essays on entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and trade comprise this thesis.
The emergence of entrepreneurship is common in the real world but relatively less so in classical
economic models. If industry incumbents are attributed with full rationality and perfect foresight,
then there are few, if any, profitable opportunities left for new entrants (entrepreneurs) to
exploit. This essay explains how entrepreneurs can emerge in a dynamic world when firms must
choose between a technology strategy that is either statically or dynamically efficient. A model
is developed which shows how such opportunities for new entry can occur when incumbents are
caught in a Prisoners’ Dilemma game involving technology strategy. A relevance measure and
policy implications are then explored.
Joint ventures, especially of the R&D type, are becoming increasingly important as a way to
gain needed technological and market competencies. Unfortunately, many joint ventures have
the characteristics of a Prisoners’ Dilemma. Firms may cooperate or defect in the venture. If
contracts, side-payments, and third-party verification of the venture outcome are unavailable,
then the dominant solution to the Prisoners’ Dilemma (mutual defection) results. This paper
proposes the use of an ex-ante auction to obtain a Pareto-improvement for these ventures. A
Pareto-improvement is assured when non-transferable costs and benefits of firms are not
conditional on joint venture strategies. When this condition is not met restrictions are required
to obtain the Pareto-improvement.
The problem of trade between countries that share an international open access resource is
becoming significant as the world reaches the limits of critical shared resource stocks. It is
modelled as a world with one primary factor, two intermediate goods, one final good (harvested
from the open access resource), and two nations where it is assumed that either the trading takes
place over one stage (nations are price-takers), or two stages (nations have market power).
Imperfect competition and open access generated externalities affect the trading efficiency. To
maximize world welfare this essay recommends subsidizing R&D where comparative advantage
exists, and creating international agreements to ensure the one-stage game structure is used when
trading.
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The effects of the European communities 1992 program on United States export controlsShinn, Hal Jerome, III 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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The Department of Defense and high technology export controls : policies and processesVogelsang, Andrew John 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Three essays in international economicsOladi, Gholamreza. January 2000 (has links)
In international economics literature, different variants of the Nash equilibrium have been used to formulate strategic and retaliative behavior. However, the negotiation process underlying the Nash equilibrium does not capture the notion of retaliation properly. We use the "contingent threat situation" (Greenberg, 1990) to reformulate three different international economic environments. / First, a two-country, two-commodity model of trade is considered to reformulate the tariff retaliations. It is known that tariff retaliations lead to a Nash equilibrium outcome, a non-free trade outcome. We show, in the framework of the "theory of social situations", that the free trade equilibrium is supported by a "stable standard of behavior". / Second, the basic two-country, single commodity model is employed to formulate the interactive and retaliatory policies regarding the choice between foreign investment and immigration. Considering three different strategic environments, we investigate the outcomes supported by "stable standards of behavior" under these strategic scenarios. We also provide a critical examination of Jones-Coelho-Easton's proposition (Jones, Coelho, and Easton, 1986). / Third, a simple model of international debt is formulated using a strategic form game. In the game, a country in financial crisis and on the verge of default is requesting a new loan, and a bank, with exposure to the foreign country's debt, contemplates whether it should issue the new loan. We show that "issue a new loan" and "not default", a Pareto optimum pair of strategies, is stable. Interestingly, we get this result by using a non-cooperative negotiation process, offered by the "individual contingent threat situation".
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Assessing the implications of South Africa's commercial expansion in the rest of Africa.Lutchman, Jessica. January 2005 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Economic and social integration of Mozambican migrants in Durban.Nhambi, Simao Manuel. January 2008 (has links)
Economic migration has become a global trend. The movement of people and goods within and beyond territorial boundaries is a phenomenon synonymous with the twentieth century. In the Southern African region, migratory processes were accelerated by the 19th century mineral discoveries in the Cape and Transvaal. Mozambique, particularly its southern regions, was drawn into the South African- dominated economy in a service capacity, as the supplier of migrant labour, principally for the Transvaal. The mineral wealth and the development it generated made South Africa the dominant economy in the region, drawing in migrant labour from surrounding states. Today, mining activities and the Transvaal are no longer the main attraction for many Mozambicans who enter South Africa, as they have spread throughout the country since the ending of apartheid. This study is focused on Durban, where a combination of push and pull factors continues to impel Mozambicans to arrive in search of economic opportunities. The majority, who are from the rural areas of the southern provinces, without education and formal qualifications, enter South Africa illegally and without documentation. Migrants use informal networks and the informal sector, as a means of overcoming the various obstacles to entry imposed by the states on both sides of the frontier, and their inability to compete for jobs in the formal sector. Economic and social integration of Mozambicans in Durban has evolved around informality and it can be argued that if the Mozambicans in this study have achieved a certain degree of integration, this has been due to successful mobilization of resources provided by informal networks and the informal sector. Linguistic affinities and geographical proximity also play a significant role in the process. The study looks at various informal economic opportunities exploited by Mozambicans, including an expanding cross border- trade based on high mobility between the two countries. It focuses mainly on the varied ways Mozambicans in Durban achieve a degree of economic and social integration. Literature and debates on international migration and on informality lay a foundation for the approach to the study, which is based on an historical overview of migration between the two states and fieldwork in Durban and southern Mozambique. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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