Este estudo tem como objetivo principal examinar se os recursos naturais considerados como bens de consumo ou fatores de produção, tem valor econômico e como este valor pode ser quantificado. Na primeira parte, fez-se uma revisão cronológica da literatura existente sobre o assunto, encontrando-se um grande número de estudos esparsos, relacionados de alguma forma com o tema da tese. Analogamente, procedeu-se a uma revisão conceitual e temática das principais escolas do pensamento econômico, com a finalidade de identificar as concepções dos autores e aproveitar os instrumentos já existentes relacionados à avaliação econômica dos recursos naturais. A seguir, procurou-se definir a melhor forma de analisar e avaliar os recursos naturais em relação ao consumo, produção e distribuição, e sob os aspectos estático e dinâmico. A partir desses cuidados, concluiu-se que os recursos naturais, quando quantificados como bens escassos, devem fazer jus a um valor econômico, para garantir o seu melhor uso e a sua conservação ao longo do tempo. Alicerçados nas considerações anteriores, passou-se a formalizar e a construir métodos para avaliar economicamente os principais recursos naturais, considerando e interpretando os antecedentes já disponíveis e, em algumas circunstâncias, fazendo propostas no sentido de como abordar estes assuntos. / This study's main objetive is to determine whether natural resources as consumer goods or factors of production, have economic value and how this value can be established. As a first step, a chronological revision of the existing literature on this issue was made, with a great number of studies found related, to a certain extent, to the topic of this thesis. Similarly, a revision of the main trends of economic thought was perfomed, aiming at identifying the author's ideas and at taking advantage of the existing methods related to the economic evaluation of natural resources. Next, an attempt was made to determine how to analyze and evaluate natural resource in relation to consumption, production and distribution, taking into account the static and dynamic aspects. Having these concerns in mind, the conclusion was the natural resources, when qualified as scarce goods, shold have an appropriate value so as to guarantee their best use and their conservation in the long run. Following these considerations, the last step was an attempt to formalize and set up methods to evaluate economically the main natural resources, taking into account and interpreting the available literature and, in some cases, makingproposals related to theses issues.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal examinar se os recursos naturais considerados como bens de consumo ou fatores de produção, tem valor econômico e como este valor pode ser quantificado. Na primeira parte, fez-se uma revisão cronológica da literatura existente sobre o assunto, encontrando-se um grande número de estudos esparsos, relacionados de alguma forma com o tema da tese. Analogamente, procedeu-se a uma revisão conceitual e temática das principais escolas do pensamento econômico, com a finalidade de identificar as concepções dos autores e aproveitar os instrumentos já existentes relacionados à avaliação econômica dos recursos naturais. A seguir, procurou-se definir a melhor forma de analisar e avaliar os recursos naturais em relação ao consumo, produção e distribuição, e sob os aspectos estático e dinâmico. A partir desses cuidados, concluiu-se que os recursos naturais, quando quantificados como bens escassos, devem fazer jus a um valor econômico, para garantir o seu melhor uso e a sua conservação ao longo do tempo. Alicerçados nas considerações anteriores, passou-se a formalizar e a construir métodos para avaliar economicamente os principais recursos naturais, considerando e interpretando os antecedentes já disponíveis e, em algumas circunstâncias, fazendo propostas no sentido de como abordar estes assuntos. / This study's main objetive is to determine whether natural resources as consumer goods or factors of production, have economic value and how this value can be established. As a first step, a chronological revision of the existing literature on this issue was made, with a great number of studies found related, to a certain extent, to the topic of this thesis. Similarly, a revision of the main trends of economic thought was perfomed, aiming at identifying the author's ideas and at taking advantage of the existing methods related to the economic evaluation of natural resources. Next, an attempt was made to determine how to analyze and evaluate natural resource in relation to consumption, production and distribution, taking into account the static and dynamic aspects. Having these concerns in mind, the conclusion was the natural resources, when qualified as scarce goods, shold have an appropriate value so as to guarantee their best use and their conservation in the long run. Following these considerations, the last step was an attempt to formalize and set up methods to evaluate economically the main natural resources, taking into account and interpreting the available literature and, in some cases, makingproposals related to theses issues.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1999. / Also available in electronic fromat on the Internet. Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This thesis presents three core chapters examining different aspects of the relationship between natural resources and economic development. While addressing different questions they share several features in common: a concern with causal inference; overcoming the challenges of endogeneity between resource abundance and other characteristics of developing countries; and the use of new and novel datasets with spatially identified units of analysis. The work contributes to a rich and growing empirical literature seeking to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms affecting the fortunes of resource-abundant countries. In the introductory chapter I discuss the extensive literature on this topic and in particular focus on the new generation of well-identified within-country studies, seeking to understand the empirical relationship between resources and economic development. Countries typically welcome the news of a resource discovery with joy and indeed, resource discoveries hold great economic potential. But what determines whether a country is resource rich or not? Is it more than just a chance finding, or good geology? In Chapter 2, entitled Institutions and the Location of Oil Exploration I present an investigation into this question. I examine the relationship between governance and choices of where to drill for oil. This work utilises a new dataset on exploration wells and looks at the distribution of drilling close to national borders. This allows me to identify estimates for the effect of differences in governance between neighbours. Two times out of three, investors choose to drill on the side of borders that are better governed, all other things being equal. This suggests that resource-wealth itself may be contingent on factors beyond geology, and indeed may be endogenous to the process of development. In Chapter 3, entitled The Local Effects of Resource Extraction, I turn my attention to the local economic consequences of industrial mining in Indonesia. I present a simple three-sector general equilibrium model to generate predictions for the local labour market, akin to the Corden-Neary Dutch disease model of the macroeconomy. I test the predicted effects in response to an exogenous resource sector shock by looking at mine opening or mine expansion events across three hundred mines. I test the predictions of the model, first by estimating the economic footprint from industrial mining; found to be an average of fifteen kilometre radius. I then examine the response of reported labour market activity from households surveyed in nearby communities. Here I find no evidence for a shift of local labour into the mining sector. I do find however a notable movement of labour from the traded sectors (agriculture and manufacturing) to the non-traded service sector, with a strong effect for foreign-owned mines versus domestic ones. Chapter 4, entitled Disentangling the Effects of Resource Extraction: Local Government and Investment Multipliers, examines the oil and gas boom in Indonesia from 1999-2009. Here I deploy a variety of identification strategies to attempt to disentangle the regional effects of the boom, measured in terms of district GDP. I estimate effects arising from transfers of revenue to local government. Using an instrumental variable approach I isolate the fiscal channel from resource projects. I find a positive and significant effect of increased local government revenues on district GDP over the boom decade. I then examine the spillovers from resource projects, isolating them from fiscal transfers. For districts neighbouring resource rich districts I find evidence for a modest positive effect arising from project investments, rather than fiscal transfers. In Chapter 5 I present concluding thoughts and discuss a future research agenda. I also summarise the burgeoning landscape of resource data available for within country and spatially identified studies and offer some thoughts on how this might evolve.

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Nas fontes das ilustrações o nome do autor ou instituição é em maiúscula. on 2014-11-24T14:12:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lucas Souza (souzalucasr@gmail.com) on 2014-12-01T14:47:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação PPGE UFBA - Lucas Reis de Souza.pdf: 1864290 bytes, checksum: 0ab00bdecb628816ee13145e67a982b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vania Magalhaes (magal@ufba.br) on 2014-12-01T16:17:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação PPGE UFBA - Lucas Reis de Souza.pdf: 1864290 bytes, checksum: 0ab00bdecb628816ee13145e67a982b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-01T16:17:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação PPGE UFBA - Lucas Reis de Souza.pdf: 1864290 bytes, checksum: 0ab00bdecb628816ee13145e67a982b6 (MD5) / Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis - IBP / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os impactos econômicos da atividade petrolífera – produção e recebimento de royalties – em municípios da Bahia no período de 2005 a 2010. Nesse contexto, as mudanças recentes na indústria petrolífera brasileira, decorrentes da promulgação da Lei do Petróleo de 1997, fizeram com que fosse necessário reavaliar a situação desses campos e seu potencial de produzir impactos econômicos positivos nos municípios em que estão localizados. O objetivo principal da análise quantitativa foi o de verificar se i) a produção de petróleo e gás natural, e ii) o recebimento de royalties têm algum impacto sobre o crescimento econômico dos grupos de municípios baianos em que isso ocorre. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise de dados utilizando a metodologia de Painel Dinâmico Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), utilizando tanto o estimador Arellano-Bond (GMM-DIF) quanto o Arellano-Bover (GMM-SYS), e comparando seus resultados com outras metodologias de Painel Estático. Foi analisado o desempenho de municípios baianos produtores e não produtores de petróleo e gás, e de recebedores e não recebedores de royalties, bem como se há um efeito multiplicativo dos valores recebidos por esses municípios no período de 2005 a 2010, para os impactos dos royalties, e de 2007 a 2010, para os impactos da produção. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, em conformidade com a literatura sobre a “maldição dos recursos naturais”, há uma relação inversa entre arrecadação com royalties pelos municípios que recebem essa renda petrolífera e seu nível de renda, ainda que essa relação seja pouco relevante em termos econômicos. No entanto, as estimações realizadas apenas para os municípios produtores mostram que essa relação se inverte, tornando-se positiva, mas também de baixa magnitude. O mesmo ocorre quando se adiciona um termo interativo entre produção e royalties recebidos, que também apresenta um impacto positivo mas cuja magnitude é pouco relevante. Dessa forma, é plausível afirmar que, ainda que haja um impacto positivo no caso dos municípios produtores, há indícios de que esse impacto pode ser ainda maior, caso sejam adotados incentivos para o aumento da atividade petrolífera na região e políticas públicas que busquem atrelar as rendas petrolíferas recebidas por esses municípios a despesas como, por exemplo, saúde e/ou educação, além de exigir desses a adoção e divulgação de indicadores de governança mais robustos. / This study aims to evaluate the economic impacts of the oil and gas industry – production and royalties received – in municipalities in the state of Bahia between the years of 2005 and 2010. In this context, recent changes in the Brazilian oil and gas industry, resulting from the passing of the Petroleum Law of 1997, made it necessary to reevaluate the situation of these wells and their potential to generate positive economic impacts for the municipalities where they are located. The main objective of the quantitative analysis was to verify whether i) oil and gas production, and ii) receiving royalties had any impact on economic growth of the groups of municipalities where these occur. In order to accomplish that, an analysis of the available data was carried out with the methodology Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), using both the Arellano-Bond (GMM-DIF) and Arellano-Bover (GMM-SYS) estimators and comparing their results to those of other methodologies, namely Static Panel ones. The economic performance of producing and non-producing municipalities in Bahia, and of those that received and did not receive royalties was analyzed. Moreover, it was also evaluated whether or not there is a multiplicative effect of the royalty figures received by these municipalities during the period analyzed. Results show that, in accordance with the literature on the Curse of Natural Resources, there is an inverse relation between the collection of royalties and income levels for municipalities in Bahia, but this impact is of little economic relevance. However, estimations carried out solely for producing municipalities point to an inverse relationship in that sense, being positive for this specific group, but also of little economic relevance. A similar impact is observed when an interactive term including a dummy for production and the amount of royalties received is added to the model, also resulting in a positive but low economic impact. Thus, it is plausible to claim that even if there is a positive impact in producing municipalities steming from this activity, there is evidence that this impact could be even greater if incentives for the increase of production are provided for this region. In addition to that, public policies searching to bond oil incomes received by these municipalities to expenses in areas such as education and health, as well as more robust governance indicators, are also desirable in that sense.

La protection des ressources naturelles marines est un enjeu fort pour les décideurs publics. Le développement récent des aires marines protégées (AMP) contribue à ces enjeux de préservation. Les AMP ont pour objectifs de conserver les écosystèmes marins et côtiers tout en favorisant les activités humaines. La complexité de ces objectifs les rend difficiles à atteindre. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une analyse ex ante d’un projet d’une AMP aux îles Kuriat (Tunisie). Cette analyse représente une aide aux décideurs pour une meilleure gouvernance en intégrant les acteurs impliqués (pêcheur, visiteur, plaisancier) dans le processus de gestion. Pour ce faire, nous appliquons la méthode d’évaluation contingente (MEC) à des échantillons des pêcheurs et des visiteurs aux îles Kuriat. Nous nous intéressons au traitement des biais de sélection et d’échantillonnage et à l’incertitude sur la spécification des modèles économétriques lors de la mise en œuvre de la MEC. Nous faisons appel au modèle HeckitBMA,qui est une combinaison du modèle de Heckman (1979) et de l’inférence bayésienne, pour calculer le consentement à recevoir des pêcheurs. Nous utilisons aussi le modèle Zero inflated ordered probit (ZIOP), qui est une combinaison d’un probit binaire avec un probit ordonné, pour calculer le consentement à payer des visiteurs après avoir corrigé l’échantillon par imputation multiple. Nos résultats montrent que les groupes d’acteurs se distinguent par leur activité et leur situation économique ce qui les amène à avoir des perceptions différentes. Cela permet aux décideurs d’élaborer une politique de compensation permettant d’indemniser les acteurs ayant subi un préjudice. / The protection of marine natural resources is a major challenge for policy makers. The recent development of marine protected areas (MPAs) contributes to the preservation issues. MPAs are aimed to preserve the marine and coastal ecosystems while promoting human activities. The complexity of these objectives makes them difficult to reach. The purpose of this work is to conduct an ex-ante analysis of a proposed MPA to Kuriat Islands (Tunisia). This analysis is an aid to decision makers for better governance by integrating the actors involved (fisherman, visitor, boater) in the management process. To do this, we use the contingent valuation method (CVM) to samples of fishermen and visitors to the islands Kuriat. We are interested in the treatment of selection and sampling bias and uncertainty about specifying econometric models during the implementation of the CVM. We use the model HeckitBMA, which is a combination of the Heckman model (1979) and Bayesian inference, to calculate the willingness to accept of fishermen. We also use the model Zero inflated ordered probit (ZIOP), which is a combination of a binary probit with an ordered probit, to calculate the willingness to pay of visitors after correcting the sample by multiple imputation. Our results show that groups of actors are distinguished by their activity and economic conditions that cause them to have different perceptions. This allows policy makers to develop a policy of compensation to compensate the players who have been harmed.