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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação do desenvolvimento dos componentes arbóreos e herbáceos na recuperação de áreas degradadas na bacia do Ribeirão do Gama, Distrito Federal / Evaluation of the tree and shrub components in the recuperation of degraded areas in the Gama river basin, Federal District

Giotto, Ani Cátia 18 February 2010 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Florestais, 2010. / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2011-05-01T22:42:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_AniCatiaGiotto.pdf: 1070766 bytes, checksum: 6f37591e82bfc12deb6870910f1adcd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza(jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2011-05-01T22:44:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_AniCatiaGiotto.pdf: 1070766 bytes, checksum: 6f37591e82bfc12deb6870910f1adcd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-01T22:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_AniCatiaGiotto.pdf: 1070766 bytes, checksum: 6f37591e82bfc12deb6870910f1adcd4 (MD5) / As Matas de Galeria sao Areas de Preservacao Permanente, no entanto, estao sendo continuamente destruidas. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivencia de especies arboreas nativas do bioma Cerrado plantadas ha aproximadamente quatro anos em areas com diferentes tipos de degradacao da bacia do Ribeirao do Gama localizadas no Nucleo Horticola Suburbano Vargem Bonita e no Setor de Mansoes Park Way em Brasilia/DF., assim como, estudar a capacidade germinativa de especies de gramineas nativas do bioma Cerrado, para assim sugerir quais destas especies teriam potencial para serem incorporados em programas de recuperacao nesta bacia. Utilizou-se como modelo o “Nativas do Bioma”, com bases fitogeograficas e ecologicas, realizando o plantio com especies de Mata de Galeria pioneiras e nao pioneiras e de Cerrado sentido restrito. O modelo parte do pressuposto que especies nativas apresentam capacidade de adaptacao as condicoes bioticas e abioticas regionais. Utiliza-se, diferentes especies, de uso multiplo, com rapido crescimento e disponibilizacao de recursos a curto, medio e longo prazo para a fauna e tambem para a sociedade local. Entre as sugestoes do Modelo encontra-se a nucleacao com especies herbaceas e arbustivas nativas do Bioma para o rapido recobrimento do solo. Os estudos da germinacao do estrato graminoso do Cerrado sao de extrema importancia para este bioma, para o encontro de resultados que possam ser utilizados na recuperacao de areas degradadas. O experimento foi instalado em cinco areas com diferentes situacoes de degradacao. Avaliou-se para especies arboreas a sobrevivencia, os incrementos em altura, diametro, areas de copa e desempenhos das especies. Para as gramineas nativas realizou-se a avaliacao do desenvolvimento em campo e, em laboratorio, os parametros germinativos foram tratamentos de acordo com as caracteristicas de cada unidade de dispersao das especies. Apos um periodo de plantio de 47 meses a taxa de sobrevivencia foi de 59%. Com relacao a sobrevivencia avaliada em tres periodos percebeu-se uma estabilizacao com leves viii decrescimos. As especies que se destacaram com taxas de sobrevivencia iguais ou maiores que 70% foram: Tapirira guianensis, Inga cylindrica, Anadenanthera colubrina, Tabebuia aurea e Hymenaea courbaril. Tabebuia aurea, especie de Cerrado sentido restrito, apresentou alta sobrevivencia em areas de Mata de Galeria. As especies de Mata de Galeria apresentaram os maiores desempenhos. Tapirira guianensis, nao pioneira de Mata de Galeria, se destaca pela plasticidade em relacao as diferentes condicoes ambientais e de degradacao, podendo ser classificada como pioneira antropica, devido a alta sobrevivencia e desenvolvimento elevado. Na avaliacao em campo verificou-se a ausencia de emergencia de plantulas das gramineas nativas utilizadas. Observou-se grande variacao nos parametros de germinacao de sementes entre as especies estudadas em laboratorio. A germinabilidade variou de 0% a 98%, tempo medio entre 10 a 47 dias e Coeficiente de Velocidade de Germinacao de 0,81 a 22%. As gramineas nativas com alto potencial germinativo (acima de 85%) foram Paspalum hyalinum, Saccharum asperum, Eragrostis maypurensis e E. rufescens relaciona-se esse resultado ao regime de luz e temperatura a que foram submetidas. Setaria poiretiana, Mesosetum loliiforme, Aristida setifolia, Paspalum convexum, Axonopus capillaris, Panicum campestre, Echinolaena inflexa e Sporobolus ciliatus apresentaram baixas taxas de germinacao (0 a 25%). Inferindo-se assim, que as mesmas apresentam dormencia. A presenca de KNO3 aumentou a germinabilidade de E. maypurensis, S. ciliatus, A. capillaris e Panicum campestre e verificou-se que possui efeito especie-especifico para as especies. A remocao de estruturas resultou na superacao de dormencia em S. poiretiana, M. loliiforme, P. convexum e E. inflexa. Em diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento observou-se o comportamento negativo do poder de germinacao das especies S. poiretiana, M. loliiforme e P. convexum. Recomenda-se, entao, o uso das cariopses dessas apos um a quatro meses de coleta. Entre dois e quatro anos de plantio evidencia-se uma tendencia a estabilizacao na taxa de sobrevivencia das especies arboreas, e continuos acrescimos de incrementos, em altura e em diametro, das plantas utilizadas, demonstrando assim adequacao e resistencia do modelo “Nativas do Bioma” a dinamica do ambiente. Assim como as gramineas estudadas apresentaram caracteristicas germinativas diferenciadas, especie-especificas, o conhecimento das mesmas permite diversas estrategias na utilizacao de gramineas nativas na recuperacao de areas degradadas. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Gallery forests are permanent preservation areas by law, however, they are continually being destroyed. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the survival and development of native tree species of the Cerrado biome, planted over four years ago in areas with different types of degradation in the Gama river basin located in the Horticultural Region of Vargem Bonita and the Park Way Mansion Sector in Brasilia, D.F., as well as to study the germination capacity of native cerrado grasses, and indicate which species have potential for use in recuperation programs in this river basin. The "Natives of the Biome” model was used, with phytogeographical and ecological bases, involving planting pioneer and non-pioneer gallery forest species and species from the Cerrado sensu stricto. The model assumes that native species have ability to adapt to the regional biotic and abiotic conditions. Different multi-purpose species are used, ensuring genetic diversity and gene flow, with rapid growth and providing resources in the short, medium and long term for wildlife as well as the local people. Among the suggestions of the model is the nucleation with native herb and shrub species to rapidly cover the soil. Studies on the germination of grass Cerrado species are of extreme importance for this biome, results that can be used in land restoration. The experiment was conducted in five areas with different stages of degradation. Tree survival, height and diameter increments, crown area and general performance were evaluated. The performance of native grasses were evaluated in the field and in the laboratory the germination treatments were tested according to the characteristics of each species. The overall survival rate was 59%, 47 months after planting. Survival was evaluated in three periods where it appeared stable with a slight decrease over time. The species that showed the good survival rates, equal or greater than 70% were Tapirira guianensis, Inga cylindrica, Anadenanthera colubrina, Tabebuia aurea, Copaifera langsdorffii and Hymenaea courbaril. Tabebuia aurea, a species of Cerrado sensu stricto, also showed high survival in areas of gallery forest. The x gallery forest species had the highest performance. Tapirira guianensis, known as a nonpioneer gallery forest species, stands out for plasticity in relation to different environmental conditions and degradation, and could be classified as a anthropogenic pioneer, due to its high survival and growth. The field evaluation of native grasses showed a lack of seedling emergence. There was a wide variation in the seed germination parameters among the species studied in the laboratory, germination ranging from 0% to 98%, germination period on average between 10 to 47 days and CVG 0.81 to 22%. The native grasses with a high germination potential (above 85%) were Paspalum hyalinum, Saccharum asperum, Eragrostis maypurensis and E. rufescens under the light and temperature experimental regime. Setaria poiretiana, Mesosetum loliiforme, Aristida setifolia, Paspalum convexum, Axonopus capillaris, Panicum campestre, Echinolaena inflexa and Sporobolus ciliatus showed low germination rates (0 to 25%) under all treatments, sugesting that they have dormancy. The presence of KNO3 increased germination in E. maypurensis, S. ciliatus, A. capillaris and Panicum campestre and was found to be species-specific. The removal of structures resulted in breaking dormancy in S. poiretiana, M. loliiforme, P. convexum and E. inflexa. Storage at different temperatures had a negative effect on germination of S. poiretiana, M. loliiforme and P. convexum, and it is recommended the use of their caryopses after one to four months of storage. The survival rate of the tree species tended to stabilise between two and four years from planting, and the growth increases in height and diameter demonstrated the potential of the model "Natives of the Biome" in the environment conditions studied. The native grasses showed different germination characteristics, specific to each species, a knowledge of which helps to develop their use in the recuperation of degraded areas.

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