Orientador: Paulo Renato Matos Lopes / Resumo: O herbicida tebuthiuron é largamente utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar e pode acarretar prejuízos ao ambiente devido seu elevado potencial tóxico e alta persistência no solo. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de espécies vegetais em diminuir a concentração de tebuthiuron no solo com aplicação de vinhaça. A eficiência do processo de biorremediação foi avaliada quanto: ao desenvolvimento vegetal, aos parâmetros físico-químicos do solo e à ecotoxicidade do meio. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação utilizando vasos com solo sem histórico de aplicação do herbicida. As espécies potencialmente fitorremediadoras testadas foram: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), e mucuna-cinza (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.). Como espécie sentinela foi utilizada a Crotalaria juncea. Ao longo do experimento foram avaliados: o diâmetro do colo, a altura da planta e o número de folhas. Ao final, avaliações de massas fresca e seca foram realizadas para as cinco plantas testadas. A fitotoxicidade das amostras nos tratamentos foi determinada nos tempos inicial (zero) e final (50 dias), utilizando sementes de alface como organismos-teste. Os resultados revelaram que o feijão-de-porco e o feijão-guandu não resistiram a presença do herbicida. O milheto apresentou o menor índice de mortalidade e também o melhor desempenho em solos na presença do tebuhiuron associado ou não à vinhaça. Baseado em seu des... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The herbicide tebuthiuron is widely used in sugarcane cultivation and can cause damage to the environment due to its high toxic potential and high soil persistence. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the potential of plant species in decreasing tebuthiuron concentration in the soil with vinasse application. The efficiency of the bioremediation process was evaluated for: plant development, soil physicochemical parameters and environment ecotoxicity. To evaluate these parameters, the experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using pots with soil with no history of herbicide application. Potential phytoremediation species tested were: jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.). As bioindicator species was used Crotalaria juncea. Throughout the experiment were evaluated: the neck diameter, the plant height and the number of leaves. At the end, fresh and dry mass evaluations were performed for the five plants tested. The phytotoxicity of the samples in the treatments was determined at the initial (zero) and final (50 days) times, using lettuce seeds as test organisms. Results revealed that pigeon bean and jack bean did not resist the herbicide presence. Millet plants showed the lowest mortality rate among all plant species and also presented the best performance in tebuthiuron presence associated or not with vinasse. However, despite of these results for millet, velvet bean was the most suit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This master‘s thesis deals with ecotoxicity assessment of plasma-activated solutions. Various plasma-activated solutions were prepared in the experiments. In the vast majority of tests, it was plasma-activated tap water – PAW. Depending on the test organism, dilution water was further processed, namely dilution water for Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna. In this master‘s thesis the ecotoxicological effects were assessed through aquatic ecotoxicity tests with an aquatic plant Lemna minor, on a crustaceans T. platyurus and D. magna and on agricultural crops Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa L. . Crustaceans are fresh-water organisms on which the water contamination can be quickly and quite easily assessed. These plasma-activated solutions were also tested for acute ecotoxicity of soil organisms by ecotoxicological contact tests with Eisenia fetida, springtails Folsomia candida and seeds of L. sativa. Tests on T. platyurus and D. magna were performed in time intervals and a change in mortality was observed depending on PAW concentration. If the test results allowed, the LC50, IC50, A and NR escapism values were calculated. When the measured and calculated values did not allow such a calculation, the overall effect of PAW on organisms was assessed and a significant difference was calculated for the L.sativa root growth inhibition test. The final results showed that PAW has an ecotoxic effect on aquatic organisms, while it has rather beneficial effects on terrestrial organisms.

This master’s thesis is focused on evaluation of synthetic musk fragrances using ecotoxicity tests. Four musk fragrances were tested – Galaxolide, Tonalide, Musk ketone and Musk xylene. Four alternative ecotoxicity tests with living organisms, one standard ecotoxicity test and three fytotests were used for evaluation of ecotoxicity. Alternative tests were performed on crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus, brine shrimp Artemia salina and rotifer Brachionus calicyflorus. Root growth inhibition test of Sinapis alba, root growth inhibition test of Lactuca sativa, root growth inhibition test of Allium cepa and growth inhibition test of Lemna minor were performed in the terms of fytotests. On the basis of the results the values of EC50, IC50 and LC50 were determined and the ecotoxicity of musk compounds was evaluated.

Pesticide products used for plant protection are one of the chemicals that are intentionally brought into the environment. In Czech Republic there are legally used only those pesticide products, which are registered by SRS (State Phytosanitary Administration). For registration of these products there is required in addition to assessing the likely negative effects on human and animal health, also information whether the pesticide products negatively not affect the environment, in particular avoiding the contamination of aqua system or not effect the non target organisms. This master's thesis discuss the use of organism Eisenia foetida (redworm) in the contact ecotoxicity tests by testing pesticide products. There were selected such pesticide products where there are not solid information about their impact on non-target soil organism (Eisenia foetida) and based on literature research was chosen ecotoxicity test by OECD 207 method, the acute toxicity test which is in place for 14 days. Two pesticide products Topsin M 500 SC (active ingredient thiophanate-methyl) and Perfekthion (active ingredient dimethoate) were tested. Ecotoxicological values were calculated and ecotoxicity of such peticide products for soil organism were avaulated.

The dynamic development of industry and the constant production of new substances affecting the environment is currently one of the priorities of the interests of the human population. This thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of selected extinguishing agent which are applied in case of fire. They must effectively extinguish fire because a live protection and material resources in any case very important, but Theky should be also environmentally friendly. In this work were tested surfactants, which are the main component of foaming extinguishing agent with the following commercial names: STAMEX F-15, F-15 EXPYROL, MOUSOL APS F-15, FINIFLAM F-15 and PYROCOOL B. Since surfactants have a negative impact mainly on aquatic ecosystem assessment were mainly used ecotoxicity tests using aquatic organisms. Test organisms were aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus aquatic dicotyledons plant Lemna minor and terrestrial monocotyledons plant Sinapis alba. Based on the results of the tests were values of LC50, EC50 and IC50 for the tested substances determined and their ecotoxicity compared.

Presented diploma thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of insecticide mixtures Perfekthion and Bulldock 25 EC and their effective substances, dimethoate and beta-cyfluthrin, respectively. Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide while beta-cyfluthrin belongs to pyrethroids. Both mixtures’ target organisms are sucking and biting pests on grain crops, potatoes, vegetables, oilseed rape and ornamental flowers. Their application over large areas and transport in large volumes generates a significant risk of entering the environment. Mixtures and substances were tested on water plant Lemna minor, algae Desmodesmus quadricauda and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. The LC50, EC50, and IC50 values were determined and ecotoxicity of substances and mixtures was evaluated and compared.

The surfactants have become a common part of everyday human life. For their properties they are used as aditive components of foam extinguishers used in large quantities for area fires fighting. This thesis deals with the ecotoxicological evaluation of commercially available fire-fighting agents Sthamex F 15, Moussol APS F 15, Finiflam F 15, Expyrol F 15 and Pyrocool B, which are made on the basis of surfactants. In the framework of this thesis the ecotoxicological effects of selected extinquishing agents were assessed through aquatic ecotoxicity tests with organisms Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna, dicotyledonous plants Lemna minor and white mustard seeds Sinapis alba. Via tests of contaminated soils leachate the effect of soil sorption complex on the ecotoxicological effects was evaluated. Extinguishing agents were further considered in terms of acute ecotoxicity for soil organism via ecotoxicological tests in the contact arrangement using earthworm Eisenia fetida and lettuce seeds Lactuca sativa. To assess the influence of biodegradation under different conditions on ecotoxicological effects the seed germination tests of L. sativa were conducted with hindsight. According to the results of the individual tests this work discuss the need for further evaluation of the negative influence of selected agents, while paying special attention to legislative measures.

Sediments and sewage sludges are part of the environment. Sewage sludges are formed in wastewater treatment plants as solid residues after water purification, therefore they have antropogenic origine. Although the sediment are formed by natural processes, humans also contribute to their formation. Sediments and sewage sludges can be a reservoir of a number of contaminants, due to their properties. Utilisation of sediments and sewage sludges as material for recultivation or a natural fertilizer is currently supported. But after application to the land, contaminants can be released to the environment. The consideration of ecotoxicological effects of sediments and sewage sludges is very important. Sediments and sewage sludges were ecotoxicologicaly evaluated by bioassays with water leacheate and by whole sediment bioassays. Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Sinapis alba and Lemna minor were used to perform tests with water leacheate. Heterocypris incongruens, Lactuca sativa and Eisenia fetida were used to perform whole sediment tests.

Brownfields are one of the unfavorable parts of industrial heritage that developed from 18th to 20th century. Brownfields are very different and in most cases they have negative impact on the environment. Crucial for this thesis were brownfields with certain level of contaminations. The site of a former refinery of mineral oils OSTRAMO, which represents ecological burden, is a brownfield that can threaten the environment in all its compartments. This was the reason why OSTRAMO was selected for this thesis. The goal of this thesis was to evaluation of ecotoxicological effects of contaminated samples taken from the location via ecotoxicity testing in aquatic and contact arrangement. The result of each test confirmed expected negative impact of the samples from the location of former rafinery on testing organisms.

Nowadays, nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) is a nanomaterial commonly used in remediation practice. Although worldwide applications of nZVI have shown its effectiveness in degradation and immobilization of a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants, potential negative effects of nZVI on exposed organisms have not been sufficiently explored. To avoid possible environmental risks, understanding of the mechanism of nZVI toxicity and its overall effects on microbial populations indigenous to remediation sites is needed. The presented thesis summarizes current knowledge of nZVI toxicity, and, moreover, deals with the development and application of a new test for in vitro evaluation of acute toxicity caused by newly developed nZVI-based materials. Additionally, in this thesis, the risk associated with changes in the toxicity of the aforementioned materials during the aging process was examined. In the last part, the effect of several nZVI-based materials on microbial communities of a real contaminated soil was monitored and evaluated using artificial microcosms. In addition, in this part, the potential of nZVI and its derived materials in combination with a biostimulation step during nanobioremediation is outlined.