<p> This case study investigated the multimodal accommodations that content teachers make in order to dually support linguistic and conceptual development for English language learning students. Data from digitally recorded classroom observations, teacher interviews, student work, and questionnaires were collected from the participating math and science teachers. The data were analyzed from the theoretical framework of an ecological -semiotic perspective of language teaching and learning (van Lier, 2004), and is theoretically tied to communication accommodation theory and multimodal communication theory as well. Findings suggest that (1) the inclusion of ELs into mainstream math and content classes encourages teacher to use more multimodal strategies; (2) teachers use multimodal accommodations to converge with their students' language proficiencies, in an effort to make content more comprehensible, accessible, and engaging; (3) multimodal tutoring is a form of interactional scaffolding, which works to support meaning, but that needs to be diminished over time; (4) multimodal accommodations do not work in isolation, but are instead used in combination to support student semiosis; and, (5) multimodal accommodation serves to mediate math and science content material, but "emergence," or language production, needs to be supported by content teachers as well. Implications can be made from this study in both theory and practice. Details and context are added to both multimodal communication theory and communication accommodation theory, as the two are merged in this study to create opportunities for student semiosis. In practice, this study suggests that content teachers will need training in methods and theory of second language acquisition to support the content-based language learning that occurs in mainstream classes that include ELs. &#8195; </p>

<p> An issue faced by educators throughout the United States is how to successfully educate preservice teachers on various laws, cultural differences, attitudes, and current teaching strategies affecting English Language Learners (ELL) and their educators. Western Illinois University (WIU) implemented an online ELL Module in 2009 that all preservice teachers were required to successfully complete in order to finish their degree programs. This research was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of online features and ELL content from the perspective of current students, graduates and faculty. </p><p> An online data gathering process surveyed each target group regarding their experience with the ELL Module. Faculty and students were surveyed and historical data from the content management system was retrieved to assess instructional strategies, assessment success, focus of content and applicability to actual classroom instruction of ELL learners. Findings included that the ELL Module topics were worthwhile and educational. Students reported their use of the videos and web-based materials provided, and they indicated that 24/7 availability was important. The actual integration of the module into a class demonstrated an effective strategy for implementation. Students who spent more time exploring the module content showed more frequent first attempt success with the module lessons' assessment. </p><p> Conclusions included the importance of web-based resources with round the clock availability. Faculty clearly desired face-to-face opportunities with students even though the ELL Module was designed for online delivery. Lesson content focus did affect the amount of time students spent in the lesson even though the lessons were weighted equally. </p><p> The recommendations resulting from this program evaluation include adding strategy specific videos and encouraging students to spend more time exploring the material currently available to them through the ELL Module to facilitate success in the lesson assessment. Also offering the ELL Module as an integrated portion of a preexisting course or creating an ELL blended course for all education majors provides faculty with their preference for having direct contact with students to promote lively discussions. Finally, actively sharing material from the ELL Module, on the College of Education and Human Service's website supports the preparation of preservice teachers for future experiences</p>

<p> Many Japanese families come to the US because the fathers are dispatched to work at Japanese companies in the US, and they return to Japan after a 3-4 year stay. Many children attend an American local school as well as a supplementary Saturday school, hosh&umacr;k&omacr;, in order to keep up academically after they return to Japan. However, balancing an American and a Japanese education while in a foreign country is a challenge for both Japanese parents and children. Children who plan to permanently live in the US also spend a lot of time to maintain their Japanese at the hosh&umacr;k&omacr; and home. This study examines Japanese families' attitudes and strategies for maintaining and further developing their children's Japanese in the US. Additionally, this study investigates issues regarding their children's education in the US.</p><p> To understand the overall context of the focal hosh&umacr;k&omacr; and the Japanese families, the principal of the hosh&umacr;k&omacr; was first interviewed. Then, 92 Japanese parents participated in a survey regarding their attitudes and strategies for maintaining and developing their children's Japanese. Thereafter, five in-depth case studies of Japanese families (a mother and at least one school-aged child) were conducted to investigate issues regarding children's education in a foreign country. Activity theory was utilized to analyze the interview data on strategy use. It was found that Japanese families have positive attitudes toward Japanese maintenance and development and utilize multiple combinations of strategies. Moreover, it was revealed that the Japanese families' issues moved from English education to a stronger emphasis on Japanese education over time, and they struggled both in local schools and the hosh&umacr;k&omacr; because of the educational and language differences. The study documents how Japanese families, both sojourners and permanent residents, take advantage of the hosh&umacr;k&omacr; resources helping their children prepare to return to Japan and to maintain their children's Japanese and cultural knowledge.</p>

<p> The purpose of this qualitative narrative study was to explore the stories of ELL leaders and how they negotiated local conditions of power, positioned themselves within leadership structures, and formed their identities. Using critical theory, critical race theory, and feminism as interpretive frames, this study addressed the marginalized status of ELL leaders and the gap in the research related to ELL leadership. </p><p> Findings suggest that governmental agencies impacted the institutionalization of ELL programs, along with the pre-existing operational orders of school districts. The history of racial desegregation orders and decrees surfaced the impact of the interpretive framework that defined students within a Black/White racial paradigm where the intersecting identities of language background, national origin and races other than Black or White of ELL students and leaders were dismissed. Further, school districts had a static method of addressing respective federal and state reforms, which included ELLs, but did not provide specificity about their inclusion, leading to their relative exclusion. Resisting these fixed logics and the nuanced exclusion of ELL students, ELL leaders worked on the periphery with teachers, secretaries and principals to acquire resources and social capital for ELL students and families. </p><p> This comprehensive collection of narratives from ELL leaders demonstrated that stories are shared and experienced circuitously with repeating themes and cycles. These repetitions created a habitus of identity for reflective, purposeful and conscious leadership. Within this habitus of recycling, considerations of differing leadership praxis was realized.</p>

<p> This study explored the problem of student attrition in beginning courses of an Intensive English Program (IEP) that may affect the sustainability of the IEP. The purpose of the study was to understand the perceptions of continuing students and the factors that influenced their motivation and engagement to persist studying in the IEP. Constructivism and behavioral social learning theory guided this study. The research problem addressed the need for students to remain in IEPs and achieve second language acquisition. The research questions were designed to learn what instructional approaches motivated and engaged participants to persist in successive introductory courses. A qualitative case study design, guided by interpretive epistemology, was used to collect students' opinions, perceptions, and suggestions on their experiences in their first course. The target population was beginners in a second IEP course at a community college. A purposive sample of 16 participants took part in 2 focus groups, individual interviews, and open-ended surveys for data triangulation. Constant comparative analysis using open and axial coding was used to aggregate data themes for inquiry. The findings revealed that poor student engagement, lack of mentorship qualities in instructors, and little inclusion of technology have been persistent reasons for their dissatisfaction. The project, a collaborative professional development effort, was designed for IEP instructors to gain awareness on past and current research about the andragogical framework of student-centeredness which culminated with the cooperative elaboration of a set of best practices. The social impact of the study comes from benefits that sustainable IEP programs could offer to communities with large populations of immigrants and to international visitors to empower them to achieve immersion into English-speaking societies.</p>

<p> This phenomenological study includes exploration of the instructional experiences and the schooling factors that have been in place both assisting and failing academically six long-term English learners who attend a comprehensive urban high school in Los Angeles. Long-term English learners have attended schools in the United States (U.S.) for more than six years and are not yet fully proficient in English. Qualitative and quantitative data sources, include demographic questionnaire, one-on-one focused interviews, classroom observations using English learner Shadow Study Protocol (Soto, 2012), academic transcript analysis, and a focus group, were analyzed using descriptive content analysis and Critical Sociocultural Theory (Handsfield, 2012; Lewis, Enciso, &amp; Moje, 2007). The researcher identified two instructional experiences-lessons not engaging students in social interactions or learner-centered activities, and instruction did not help students gain proficiency in the English language-that hindered these students' advancement-and three schooling factors-enrollment in Structured English Immersion (SEI) programs throughout schooling, lack of knowledge about the reclassification process and low academic literacy skills and lack of understanding of how to succeed. To remedy this situation as it impacts numerous students, Legislators should pass laws that support bilingual education and schools should offer English learners the opportunity to develop their native language to be successful in developing bilingualism.</p>

<p> A deficit orientation of English Language Leamer (ELL) Latino students permeates the climate at many schools across the state of California. School efforts to address the academic needs of ELL students emphasize disadvantages, and focus primarily on language remediation approaches. In turn, ELL students are submerged into a substandard curriculum that fails to capitalize on, and denies students access to, their cultural and linguistic strengths. In the Los Angeles schools, only 27% of EL students who began the ninth grade were eligible to graduate four years later. Latino ELL students are significantly academically challenged and struggle to meet high school graduation requirements; these students, by default, are not prepared for college. Reversing the desolate academic trajectories of Latino ELL students by validating and promoting their strengths as a foundation for learning was the impetus for this study. </p><p> This study documents student and staff perceptions of the implementation of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) Seal ofBiliteracy Awards Program at one high school with a predominantly Latino student population. Guided by a conceptual framework utilizing the concepts of empowerment of minority students, community cultural wealth, funds of knowledge, and subtractive schooling, this qualitative case study examined the narratives of Latino ELL students and staff participants to gain an understanding oftheir perceptions about college access, the process of implementing the LAUSD Seal ofBiliteracy Awards program, and the purpose, value, and impact of the program on student achievement. The study included focus group interviews with 26 high school student participants, primarily female and mostly in the 12th grade, and individual interviews with six staff participants in various capacities with an educational experience ranging from five to 15 years. </p><p> The findings indicate that the LAUSD Seal ofBiliteracy Awards Program is active at the research site and is producing positive student social and academic impacts. School level impacts include an improved academic school climate and increased parent presence at school functions. In order to shift practice towards an "assets" schooling orientation, recommendations of this study call for a change in policy, converting a voluntary program into a mandatory program. Recommendations of this study urge educators to change current practices to ethically address the issue of evaluation of "transcripts" from foreign countries and to work with teachers to build capacity for additive schooling approaches. Furthermore, recommendations for practice suggest schools must provide all students equitable access to college information by establishing a college and career readiness pathways course that is also a graduation requirement. </p>

<p> This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to general teacher implementation of Project GLAD (Guided Language Acquisition Design) through the framework of expectancy-value theory. This research was a modified replication of a study by Foley (2011) which investigated the factors that impeded or supported teacher implementation of a different instructional innovation using expectancy-value theory as the theoretical framework. Quantitative data was gathered for this study through an online survey emailed to grade PreK-12 teachers throughout the United States that were trained in Project GLAD. Valid responses to the survey were provided by 173 teachers. The scaled independent variables studied were teacher self-reported perceptions of expectancy, value, cost, and certain types of support surrounding their use of Project GLAD. As in the study by Foley (2011) additional demographic and training independent variables were studied from teacher self-reported data on the survey including the level of Project GLAD training, the recency of Project GLAD training, current grade level taught, years teaching at current grade level, and old degree versus recent degree. The scaled dependent variable studied was teacher general implementation of Project GLAD in their instruction. Data from survey responses was analyzed using descriptive, linear, and multiple linear regression methodology. Teacher levels of expectancy, value and training were found significant positive predictors of general teacher implementation of Project GLAD. Similar to the study by Foley (2011), the findings indicate that increasing the level of particular types of school support to teachers, including coaching and earning higher certifications in Project GLAD will increase their levels of Project GLAD implementation. Areas recommended for further research include teacher implementation of specific Project GLAD strategies, the particular types of support that facilitate implementation, and specific barriers and facilitators to implementation at the secondary grade levels. The use of observational and qualitative methodologies to confirm and expand the findings of this study is also recommended.</p>

<p> Recently, Japanese higher education has decided to transition from a traditional teacher-centered to a more student-centered, communicative classroom. One promising possibility that could help in the transition is the flipped classroom technique. Examining the lived experiences of Japanese university English as a foreign language (EFL) students who have taken part in a course taught using the flipped classroom technique will help in determining possible benefits of the flipped classroom in EFL higher education in Japan. This study will use a qualitative approach with a case study design to focus on the lived experiences of Japanese EFL university students at Iwate University enrolled in a course taught using the flipped classroom model. This study will focus on the students' impressions, possible changes in study habits, perceived benefits and challenges, and if students experienced higher levels of authentic communication opportunities due to the flipped classroom. By examining the lived experiences of students who have taken part in a course taught using the flipped classroom technique, this study will contribute to the understanding of learning technologies used to support the implementation of a communicative, student-centered learning environment in the undergraduate EFL classroom. </p>

<p> This study reports findings from research conducted which assessed ELL students' comprehension of text through the use of graphic organizers and multiple response strategies. The research consisted of explicit instruction on how to utilize graphic organizers and multiple response strategy tools to help retain information. The teacher-researcher modeled how to use and create these tools and strategies and provided practice time after the demonstration. </p><p> The participants included 13, sixth grade students in a Bilingual science class, in Passaic, New Jersey. In this study a variety of different methods were used to gather the data. Pre and Post Assessments, Anecdotal notes, Journal entries, and Graphic Organizers were used. The findings indicated that ELL students are able to comprehend text better if they have appropriate strategies and tools to use. There was no specific evidence that determined whether students preferred one over the other. The results showed that there were improvements in their scores than they had before the study.</p>