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Picturebooks play an important role in elementary education, but few teachers focus on their text-picture relationships. This qualitative study examined the impact of four narratives with different text-picture relationships on fourth graders' explicit recall and inference making, both immediately after reading and after a one week delay. The four relationships were loosely symmetrical, complementary, text carries the narrative, and ironic or contradictory. Twelve urban fourth graders, four reading at or above grade level, four reading moderately below grade level, and four reading significantly below grade level, met with the researcher on six occasions. The purpose was to read, retell, and answer questions about a story in a one-to-one setting. While each student read and responded independently, each received help with word recognition. Data consisted of transcriptions of oral retellings, interviews, and a cued recall measure. Transcriptions of story retellings were parsed into kernels and coded according to cognitive process, either explicit or implicit, and source of content. Possible sources were text, picture, text-picture overlap, and background knowledge. Five categories of inference emerged from the analysis of story retellings: local inferences, global inferences, associations, evaluations, and misinterpretations. An analysis of codes and categories and interview data revealed that the text-picture relationship influenced the sources of content readers recalled, inferences they constructed, expressed ease of story comprehension and recall, and expressed level of enjoyment. It also affected the meaning that students at three levels of reading ability constructed. Given that different text-picture interactions provide support for specific comprehension processes, this study suggests that teachers should consider the relationship of words and images when selecting reading materials for their classrooms, especially when students are reading below grade level. / CITE/Language Arts

In response to the literacy achievement gap that exists between high-poverty, high-minority school districts and their counterparts, a quasi-experimental multi-measure study was designed to increase the reading skills and attitudes of ninth grade students. The goal of this study was to increase the volume of on-level, self-selected reading with the expectations of positively impacting the students' fluency, comprehension, and motivation. Two teachers participated in the study, each teacher taught both a control and a treatment group. The treatment consisted of twenty minutes of daily increased volume of on-level, self-selected reading. The students also kept daily response logs. The results did not support the expectations. At the end of the sixteen-week study, the data showed that the treatment was not effective in increasing the fluency, comprehension, and motivation of ninth grade students. Other studies should be done that address the time factor in this study. / CITE/Language Arts

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<p> The purpose of this study was to determine effective reading interventions for primary grade students, utilizing the Response to Intervention (RtI) model. The purpose of RtI is to enhance the quality of education for children, if appropriate levels of academic instruction are present (Hanover Research, 2015). The research questions were posed to garner perspectives of the Intervention Team (IT) leaders as to Tier II interventions that aided students who indicated difficulty with reading, and the duration of the intervention, prior to achieving progress toward the specified goal. Additionally, research questions were stated to determine which Tier II reading intervention yielded a significant gain, as measured by a Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) in one elementary school. Perspectives were ascertained of literacy educators in regard to student success following the interventions. Intervention Team leaders from Missouri&rsquo;s 11 regional professional development centers were interviewed and asked specific questions in an effort to identify tiered reading interventions and progress measures present in their schools. Results of progress monitoring utilizing CBMs were collected from one Missouri elementary school and were analyzed utilizing a paired sample <i>t</i>-test comparing pre-test and post-test scores before and following a reading intervention. The data revealed Tier II reading interventions are effective for primary grade students. Literacy educators serving in the districts of the IT leaders were surveyed to garner insight into the positive attributes gained from receiving the tiered reading intervention. The results of the literacy educator survey attributed gains in student achievement and indicated positive outcomes for students in other subject areas</p>

<p> The purpose of this study was to examine the existing research on early literacy and the types of approaches used in schools at the time of this writing. Although researchers could not agree on which types of reading programs are the most effective, there was a large amount of research supporting the work done in 2000 from the National Reading Panel, emphasizing the importance of the five components of reading: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. The study site historically used a traditional Balanced Literacy program, and reported proficiency scores in the 30th percentile overall. This research study investigated phonemic awareness and phonics as important components of a total literacy program, focusing on one supplementary program, Systematic Instruction in Phonological Awareness, Phonics, and Sight Words (SIPPS). SIPPS, combined with a traditional Balanced Literacy program, was implemented over a period of five years in a suburban, Midwest elementary school. Results indicated that overall reading achievement improved over the five year implementation, with the most significant growth occurring in the first grade. Growth was slow and not significant from year-to-year, but did improve in all subgroups, including Black students and the free-and-reduced-lunch subgroup. Given the importance of early literacy acquisition, future studies should investigate other supplementary programs available to identify the most effective programs for student achievement.</p>