When designing a pipeline system, it is important to understand the pressure losses that will occur within the system. One common source of pressure loss is from elbow pipe fittings. There is extensive research available for pressure loss coefficients of elbow pipe fittings, but the research is derived from elbows with relatively smaller pipe diameters. The purpose of this research is to investigate pressure losses associated with larger diameter mitered elbows (36-inches to 144-inches). The dimensions for all mitered elbows considered in this research follow ANSI/AWWA C208-17 recommendations (AWWA 2017). Due to the large size of the mitered elbows of interest, physical testing was not feasible for this research. Therefore, this research used numerical methods to determine the pressure loss coefficients of large mitered elbows, reducing mitered elbows, and expanding mitered elbows. The results suggest a strong correlation that the pressure loss for large mitered elbows, presented in this research, are solely dependent on the pipe Reynolds number. The reducing and expanding mitered elbows showed the pressure loss coefficient is dependent on Reynolds number and the percent of reduction/expansion of the elbow. Tabulated data, graphical data, and recommended equations are presented to determine pressure loss for large mitered elbows, reducing mitered elbows, and expanding elbows.

Bakalauriniame darbe suprojektuotas gaminys –„Alkūnių segmentų segmentų įtaisas“. Nagrinėti šioje srityje naudojami įtaisai ir priemonės, parinkta keletas galimų konstrukcinių variantų, atliktas jų palyginimas. Atlikti šio prietaiso pagrindinės detalės (įvorės) techniniai skaičiavimai. Analizuotas vienos prietaiso detalės pagaminimo technologinis maršrutas, nustatyti jos apdirbimo operacijoms atlikti reikalingi įrenginiai, apskaičiuotas jų kiekis. Darbe pateikiama žmonių ir aplinkos saugos reikalavimai naudojant įrenginį darbo procese. Ekonominiais skaičiavimais nustatyta ir pagrįsta gaminio savikaina. / Bachelor product designed to work - "segments of the elbow device segments." Addressing this field devices and instruments, selected a number of possible design options that made the comparison. Perform basic details of the device (hub) technical computing. Analyzed in one device parts manufacturing technological route to determine its processing operations required for the installation, the estimated numbers. The paper presents the human and environmental safety requirements, using a work process. The economic calculations based on the product and the cost. / In Junggeselle Arbeiten Produkt konzipiert – “Ellenbogen Segment Gerät Segmenten. " Die Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Bereich Geräte und Instrumente, wählte eine Reihe von möglichen Gestaltungsoptionen, dass der Vergleich gemacht. Führen Sie grundlegende Informationen zu dem Gerät (Hub) für technische Berechnungen. Analysiert in einem Gerät Teilefertigung technologischen Weg zu ihrer Verarbeitung für die Installation erforderlich zu bestimmen, die geschätzten Zahlen. Der Aufsatz stellt die Mensch und Umwelt sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, mit Hilfe eines Arbeitsprozesses. Die wirtschaftlichen Berechnungen über das Produkt und die Kosten basiert.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Fred L. Hasler / This paper presents the results of an experiment that was purposed with introducing the physical feasibility of a conceptual product that would mechanically reduce frictional resistance of schedule 40 PVC conduit elbows during the installation of large conductors. In the current construction industry, there is a well established and code driven convention for the construction of PVC conduit. For the installation of building service conductors, significant energy is required to pull conductors through the conduit. The service feed is the most expensive and restrictive pull on most projects strictly due the weight of the large conductors which are heavily resistant to deformation. The forces involved necessitate stringent requirements on maximum pull lengths and maximum degrees bent between pull boxes. Cost and risk of costly installation damage are also major characteristics of service feed pulls. The resistance to pulling and highest concentrations of internal forces throughout any conductor pull is located at the elbows or bends. This study is a scaled experimental-based initial establishment of expected evidence to support the feasibility of a product that would essentially reduce the required force to pull large conductors. This product is idealized as a factory PVC elbow that contains mechanical rollers along the inside face of the elbow where the conductors theoretically make the most contact during pulling. This product will ultimately be more expensive, but would be expected to benefit the project by reducing installation time, possibly reduce the number of pull boxes required, and reduce the risk of damaging conductors or conduits. The experiments described in this paper reflect a small-scale set that establishes trends of varying any one significant parameter for single conductor pulls through a single ninety-degree factory PVC elbow. While further research into multi-conductor feeders must be conducted in order to establish full justification for the product development was expected at the onset, the results of this study show that even further additional research must be conducted to resolve an ambiguity on which a definitive conclusion depends. Due to unforeseen or predicted parameters impacting the reduction of frictional resistance throughout the experimentation, the results both support and counter any benefit of applying mechanical means to reduce frictional resistance. The percentages of reduction range from -37% to +24% across the study’s results. The hypothesized sources of the ambiguity that counter expectations can only be verified by future studies. However, the evidence from this study can become definitively directional for the pursuit or lack there of for further investigating the benefits of the idealized product.