A thorough investigation or existing publications was conducted to determine the etfeet on phase-locked loop operation of the pass band or the low-pass filter in the loop. From the findings, it was concluded that when the loop was out of lock, the pass band of the low-pass filter should be wide; however, when the loop was locked, the pass band of the low-pass filter should be narrow. The transient analysis or the loop demonstrated that it was desirable to have a wide pass band for the filter in order to minimize the lock-in time of the loop. An analog simulation of the loop verified the transient analysis. The loop simulation required the synthesis of the low-pass filter with operational building blocks in such a way that the pass band could be controlled as potentiometer settings. The desirability of a variable pass band and low-pass filter was established. The condition that the filter must be able to sense when the loop was either locked or out of lock and adjust its pass band accordingly was set as a prerequisite for the design of a filter. A filter was built and tested which could meet the above conditions. The limited range of the filter left a lot to be desired; however, the feasibility of the approach was demonstrated. / Master of Science

The solutions to many problems in structural design and analysis are quite laborious and time-consuming. This fact has motivated the search for analogies that might lead to quicker, yet accurate solutions. Fortunately, the laws governing structural behavior find many parallels among the laws of electricity and, therefore, it is conceivable that electrical circuits may be devised which are equivalent to certain structural problems. It is the purpose of this thesis to set up several equivalent circuits and to present solutions using accepted methods of analysis. Only statistical loadings are considered. Information about necessary equipment for experimental work is given. Examples given show which analogs are best suited to certain structural problems. It is hoped that the foregoing will stimulate more investigation in the field of electrical analogies for structural problems. A discussion follows which will present the work which has previously been done in this field. This will help to acquaint the reader with the subject and show the need for further development. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2005. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

As an additional opportunistic component to the Southern African Mag- netotelluric Experiment (SAMTEX), audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data were acquired during the most recent phase of the experiment (Phase IV) to inves- tigate the local-scale conductivity substructure in the Otjiwarongo and Ka- tima Mulilo regions (Namibia), as to aid in the installation of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) earth electrodes that has since taken place. Both of the AMT surveys are situated close to the edge of the orogenic Neo- Proterozoic Damara Mobile Belt (DMB). Previous studies all point to the existence of a highly conductive mid-crustal zone which correlates well with the spatial location of the DMB. Two-dimensional (2D) inverse modelling of the Otjiwarongo AMT data con rms the existence of the high conductive zone at mid-crustal depths (10-15 km). The high conductivity of the DMB is explained by the presence of interconnected graphite in the marble units present. The Katima Mulilo inversion results are characterized by a con- ductive upper crustal layer that does not form part of the DMB conductive belt. It is deduced that at the uppermost subsurface Kalahari sediments are responsible for the high conductivity observed while at greater depth it is due to ironstone within the Ghanzi Group. In contrast to the conductive DMB, the lithospheric structure of the neighbouring Archaean cratons, the Congo and Kalahari, are generally found to be electrically resistive. There- fore, it is hypothesized that ground return current, if present, will ow along a path between the Otjiwarongo and Katima Mulilo regions that lies either exclusively, or almost entirely within the DMB. The hypothesis is tested by inputting a three dimensional (3D) conductivity model (calculated using available magnetotelluric (MT) data and geological information) of the re- gion into a DC resistivity forward modelling code. Forward modelling shows that the return current is only con ned to, and follows regional trends char- acteristic of, the conductive DMB for approximately 200-300 km away from the injection point, after which there is no preferential flow.

It was the purpose of this investigation to study the effect of varying the direct to reverse time ratio of periodically reversed direct current from 1.0 to 20.0 on the electrolytic production of lead chromate at an average anode current density of 0.0059 amperes per square centimeter, and to study the effect of 60 and 502.3 ± 7.7 cycles per second from 0.00113 to 0.01546 amperes per square centimeter of peak superimposed alternating current on direct current on the yield of lead chromate prepared by the electrolysis of a bath containing potassium chromate and sodium nitrate between lead electrodes. Electrolysis of a bath containing 3.60 grams of potassium chromate, 11.62 grams of sodium nitrate, end 1000 grams of water with simple direct current yielded 6.07 grams of lead chromate per ampere-hour, the purity being 92.7 percent lead chromate. The anode current density was 0.0049 amperes per square centimeter, and the current efficiency was 98.1 percent. During the electrolysis, by maintaining the ph of the electrolyte at 6.0, by adding a solution to 2.0 weight percent chromic acid, the purity of the product was increased. Electrolysis of the same bath using periodically reversed direct current yielded 4.53 grams of lead chromate per ampere-hour, the purity being 93.9 percent lead chromate. The time ratio was 20.0, the anode current density was 0.0049 amperes per square centimeter, and the current efficiency was 66.75 percent. Decreasing the direct to reverse time ratio gave lower yields and purities. Apparently, there is no advantage in using periodically reversed direct current over the use of direct current for this reaction under the above conditions. Electrolysis of the same bath with alternating current superimposed on direct current yielded 5.49 grams of lead chromate per direct current ampere-hour, at a purity of 99.4 percent lead chromate, when using 494.7 cycle alternating current. The alternating and direct current densities were 0.0078 and 0.0048 amperes per square centimeter, respectively. This was the purest product obtained in this investigation. Use of 60 cycle alternating current yielded 3.83 grams of lead chromate per direct current ampere-hour, at a purity of 93.9 percent lead chromate. The alternating and direct current densities were 0.00141 and 0.00484 amperes per square centimeter. Further experiments were made using direct current and periodically reversed direct current on a bath containing 6.80 grams of potassium chromate, 8.14 grams of sodium nitrate, and 1000 grams of water. Results from these electrolytes were much poorer than those obtained with the previous bath, so no experiments with superimposed alternating current on direct current were carried out with this latter bath. / Master of Science

Αυτή η εργασία έχει σαν αντικείμενο την μελέτη των βαθμίδων εισόδου τελεστικών ενισχυτών με εύρος rail-to-rail καθώς και των βαθμίδων εξόδου τάξεως ΑΒ. Μια rail-to-rail βαθμίδα εισόδου, μπορεί να διαχειριστεί την τάση τροφοδοσίας στο έπακρο δεχόμενη σήματα μεγάλου εύρους τάσεων, ενώ η βαθμίδα εξόδου έχει σαν κύριο πλεονέκτημα την γρηγορότερη οδήγηση μεγάλων φορτίων με ελαχιστοποίηση της παραμόρφωσης. Έτσι, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές αρχές που διέπουν τα κυκλώματα χαμηλής τροφοδοσίας και οι περιορισμοί που πρέπει να ληφθούν υπ’ όψιν κατά τον σχεδιασμό των κυκλωμάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αυτής της εργασίας παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας των rail-to-rail βαθμίδων εισόδου και οι βασικές τεχνικές υλοποίησής τους. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας των βαθμίδων εξόδου τάξεως ΑΒ με τις αντίστοιχες τεχνικές υλοποίησης. Στα επόμενα κεφάλαια αυτού του συγγράμματος προτείνεται ένας νέος τελεστικός ενισχυτής ο οποίος αποτελείται από μια rail-to-rail βαθμίδα εισόδου και από μία βαθμίδα εξόδου τάξεως ΑΒ ενώ γίνεται χρήση 1V για την τάση τροφοδοσίας. Άλλο ένα πλεονέκτημα της προτεινόμενης αρχιτεκτονικής, είναι αυτό της δυνατότητας ρύθμισης των συνθηκών πόλωσης ώστε να διατηρείται η λειτουργικότητα του ενισχυτή αλλά και να προσαρμόζεται στις εκάστοτε ανάγκες της κάθε εφαρμογής. Πιο συγκεκριμένα ένα από τα πλεονεκτήματα αυτού του τελεστικού ενισχυτή, είναι η δυνατότητα ρύθμισης της διαγωγιμότητας της εισόδου με γραμμικό τρόπο μέσω μιας πηγής ρεύματος. Αντίστοιχα, επιλέγοντας μεγαλύτερο ρεύμα για την βαθμίδα εξόδου υπάρχει η δυνατότητα μείωσης της καθυστέρησης μετάδοσης του σήματος σε μεγάλα φορτία. / -

published_or_final_version / Electrical Engineering / Master / Master of Science in Engineering

This dissertation describes an innovative approach to the state justification portion of the sequential circuit automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) process. Given the absence of a stored fault an ATPG controller invokes some combinational circuit test generation procedure, such as the D-algorithm, to identify a circuit state (goal state) and input vectors that will sensitize a selected fault. The state justification phase then finds a transfer sequence to the goal from the present state. A forward fault propogation search can be successfully guided through state space from the present state but the forward justification search is less efficient and the failure rate is high. The backward function level search invokes inverse RTL level primitives and exploits easy movement of data vectors in structured VLSI circuits. Examples illustrated are in AHPL. This search is equally applicable to an RTL level subset of VHDL. Combinational logic units are treated as functions and the circuit states are partitioned into control states and data states. The search proceeds backwards over the control state space starting from the goal state node and data states are transformed according to the control flow. Vectorized data paths in VLSI circuits and search guiding heuristics which favor convenient inverse functions keep the number of search nodes low. Partial covers, conceptually similar to singular covers in D-algorithm, model the inverse functions of combinational logic units. The search successfully terminates when a child state node logically matches the present state and the present state values can satisfy all the constraints encountered along the search path.

Orientador: Helmo Kelis Morales Paredes / Banca: Sigmar Maurer Deckmann / Banca: Fernando Pinhabel Marafão / Resumo: O presente trabalho aborda o assunto da atribuição de responsabilidades em circuitos elétricos monofásicos com características de baixa tensão (baixo nível de curto circuito). Nesse cenário, o avanço das cargas eletrônicas e das fontes chaveadas propiciou um ambiente na qual tensão e corrente carregam alto conteúdo harmônico desfavorecendo, de certa forma, a Qualidade da Energia Elétrica (QEE). Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é estudar o comportamento de cargas lineares e não lineares e traçar conclusões a respeito de atribuição de responsabilidades. Para tanto, utilizouse a Teoria da Potência Conservativa (CPT) (do inglês, Conservation Power Theory) que é um modelo matemático para análise de circuitos elétricos sob condições senoidais e não seniodais. Além disso, a CPT permite expandir a análise do problema proposto através de uma Metodologia de Atribuição de Responsabilidades que leva em consideração um circuito equivalente com as informações da impedância de linha (equivalente Thévenin da rede visto pelo PAC) e dos parâmetros equivalentes da carga, mostrando um diferencial frente às metodologias estudadas. Para tanto, um circuito elétrico composto por diferentes cargas lineares e não lineares foi proposto e se pode estudar e discutir o compartilhamento de responsabilidades, buscando respostas acerca das quais parcelas de potência devem ser apontadas às cargas geradoras dos distúrbios harmônicos. A caracterização de cargas e estimação de impedância de linha apresentam resultados bastante satisfatórios. Assim, a metodologia de atribuição de responsabilidades sugere que a potência ativa fundamental deveria ser de responsabilidade das cargas, uma vez que ela representa de fato o fluxo de potência da fonte de alimentação para a carga. Além disso, o trabalho mostrou a fragilidade da PRODIST frente à norma IEEE em relação aos níveis de distorção harmônica de tensão no PAC... / Abstract: This work, aims to the study of the accountability problem focused on single-phase circuits with low voltage characteristics (low level of short circuit). In this scenario, the advancement of electronic loads and switchin devices have promoted and environment in which voltages and currents present high harmonic content, reducing the electrical power quality. In this context, the objective of this work is to study the behavior of linear and nonlinear loads and draw conclusions on accountability in electrical grids, i.e., responsibility in the harmonic content generation. For this purpose, it was applied the Conservative Power Theory (CPT) which is a mathematical tool for electrical circuits analysis on both sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal conditions. Furthermore, the CPT allows the application of a Accontability Methodology that takes into account information of the line impedance (equivalent Thévenin viewed by point of common coupling) and the equivalent parameters of the load. These two considerations represent a differential in relation to the studied methodologies. So, an electrical circuit containing linear and non-linear loads was proposed, and the Accountability Methodology was studied and discussed, seeking answers about the power portions that should be accontable to the harmonic loads. The load characterization and the impedance estimation presented satisfactory results. Then, the Accontability Methodology proposes that the fundamental active power should be accontable to the loads, since it represents the power portion that really flows the power source to the load. In addition, the work showed the fragility of PRODIST in relation to the IEEE standard concerning the harmonic voltage distortion established limits at the point of common coupling / Mestre