Advances in electronics, computer and information technology are fueling major changes in the area of power systems instrumentations. More and more microprocessor based digital instruments are replacing older type of meters. Extensive deployment of digital instruments are generating vast quantities of data which is creating information pressure in Utilities. The legacy SCADA based data management systems do not support management of such huge data. As a result utilities either have to delete or store the metered information in some compact discs, tape drives which are unreliable. Also, at the same time the traditional integrated power industry is going through a deregulation process. The market principle is forcing competition between power utilities, which in turn demands a higher focus on profit and competitive edge. To optimize system operation and planning utilities need better decision making processes which depend on the availability of reliable system information. For utilities it is becoming clear that information is a vital asset. So, the utilities are now keen to store and use as much information as they can. Existing SCADA based systems do not allow to store data of more than a few months. So, in this dissertation effectiveness of compression algorithms in compressing real time operational data has been assessed. Both, lossy and lossless compression schemes are considered. In lossless method two schemes are proposed among which Scheme 1 is based on arithmetic coding and Scheme 2 is based on run length coding. Both the scheme have 2 stages. First stage is common for both the schemes. In this stage the consecutive data elements are decorrelated by using linear predictors. The output from linear predictor, named as residual sequence, is coded by arithmetic coding in Scheme 1 and by run length coding in Scheme 2. Three different types of arithmetic codings are considered in this study : static, decrement and adaptive arithmetic coding. Among them static and decrement codings are two pass methods where the first pass is used to collect symbol statistics while the second is used to code the symbols. The adaptive coding method uses only one pass. In the arithmetic coding based schemes the average compression ratio achieved for voltage data is around 30, for frequency data is around 9, for VAr generation data is around 14, for MW generation data is around 11 and for line flow data is around 14. In scheme 2 Golomb-Rice coding is used for compressing run lengths. In Scheme 2 the average compression ratio achieved for voltage data is around 25, for frequency data is around 7, for VAr generation data is around 10, for MW generation data is around 8 and for line flow data is around 9. The arithmetic coding based method mainly looks at achieving high compression ratio. On the other hand, Golomb-Rice coding based method does not achieve good compression ratio as arithmetic coding but it is computationally very simple in comparison with the arithmetic coding. In lossy method principal component analysis (PCA) based compression method is used. From the data set, a few uncorrelated variables are derived and stored. The range of compression ratio in PCA based compression scheme is around 105-115 for voltage data, around 55-58 for VAr generation data, around 21-23 for MW generation data and around 27-29 for line flow data. This shows that the voltage parameter is amenable for better compression than other parameters. Data of five system parameters - voltage, line flow, frequency, MW generation and MVAr generation - of Souther regional grid of India have been considered for study. One of the aims of this thesis is to argue that collected power system data can be put to other uses as well. In particular we show that, even mining the small amount of practical data (collected from SRLDC) reveals some interesting system behavior patterns. A noteworthy feature of the thesis is that all the studies have been carried out considering data of practical systems. It is believed that the thesis opens up new questions for further investigations.

Power supply noise, which is the variation in the supply voltage across the on-die supply terminals of VLSI circuits, is a serious performance degrader in digital circuits and mixed analog-digital circuits. In digital VLSI systems, power supply noise causes timing errors such as delays, jitter, and false switching. In microprocessors, power supply noise reduces the maximum operating frequency (FMAX) of the CPU. In mixed analog-digital circuits, power supply noise manifests as the substrate noise and impairs the performance of the analog portion. The decrease in the available noise margin with the decrease in the feature size of transistors in CMOS systems makes the power supply noise a very serious issue, and demands new methods to reduce the power supply noise in sub-micron CMOS systems. In this thesis, we develop a new method to determine optimal time-delays between the switching of input/output (I/O) data buffers in digital VLSI systems that realizes maximum reduction of the power supply noise. We first discuss methods to characterize the distributed nature of the Power Delivery Network (PDN) in the frequency-domain. We then develop an analytical method to determine the optimal delays using the frequency-domain response of the PDN and the supply current spectrum of the buffer units. We explain the mechanism behind the cancellation of the power supply noise by the introduction of optimal buffer-to-buffer delays. We also develop a numerical method to determine the optimal delays and compare it with the analytical method. We illustrate the reduction in the power supply noise by applying the optimal time-delays determined using our methods to two examples of PDN. Our method has great potential to realize maximum reduction of power supply noise in digital VLSI circuits and substrate noise in mixed analog-digital VLSI circuits. Lower power supply noise translates into lower cost and improved performance of the circuit.

M. Tech. Engineering: Electrical. / Discussing the developing an entirely software based synchrophasor platform for transient stability analysis of a multi-machine system by exploiting the possibility of distributing a precise time reference by means of communication networks and an open source software-only Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to synchronise PMUs and evaluates the precision of this synchronisation in the event of faults in a power system.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses the practical management of electrical networks, no perfect monitoring of an electrical power system state is available, either because it is expensive or technically unfeasible due to the poor quality of the available measurements in the control centre. To have a stable network, the control centre must receive the network information to be able to provide a proper security in unforeseen situation. As a power system network is a complex and a non-linear system, it is important to use more advanced methods for its analysis and control in a real time environment. The aim of this research work is therefore, to apply several state estimation algorithms using artificial intelligence by developing their mathematical models for the purpose of comparing their performances in estimating the state variable of the power system. The three types of state estimation algorithms investigated for this research work are: the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Newton method for state estimation (NSE).

The Eskom Transmission Network experiences an exceptionally high number of line faults, the cause of which, may not be correctly identified. This thesis analyses a number of all the possible factors responsible for causing these faults. The objective is to assign probable causes of these faults and that the correct preventative or corrective measures may be planned. The percentage of unexplained line faults is estimated to be 35 % of the total system faults. It is important for the Transmission Group of Eskom to minimise the number of faults. Major efforts to minimise identified faults such as bird streamers, veld fires, sugar cane fIfes, lightning and a hypothesised light pollution, light wetting mechanism has been undertaken by the transmission grid authority. This thesis presents an analysis of the statistical data of the unknown faults (unknown faults is defined as lines that trip due to a reason which could not be identified) that has been undertaken. This analysis takes into account a number of categories of causes of line faults. The period, for which the performance of the lines was analysed for was the years inclusive of 1993 to 1997. The investigation has focused on the identification of the under-performing lines of the main Transmission Network. The identified poorly performing lines have been compared with each other from the perspective ofthe following variables: • Region • Voltage (System Voltage) • Climatic Data Line faults - Time ofDay analysis • Line Faults - Time of Year analysis. The analysis indicates that the majority of unexplained flashovers occur between 22 :00 and 07:00 the following morning (Britten et al, 1999). Almost all of the under performing lines in South Africa fall in the sub-tropical/humid climatic area. All the lines studied are insulated with standard glass disc insulators. The analysis indicated that most of the unexplained line faults occur during the months when the seasons change, e.g. from autumn to winter. The analysis further indicates that most unexplained line faults occurred during the months of April to May and August to September. Of note is that during the period of this investigation bird guarding was performed on some lines. Installing bird guards may reduce those line faults that are caused by bird streamers. However, the bird pollution (deposited on glass disc insulators) that is not washed off at the same time as the bird guard installation may cause the line to trip due to the combination of the pollution and wetting resulting in a pollution type flashover. This is a possible cause of some unexplained line faults that occur from April to May. Bird streamers are also identified as the most probable cause of the unexplained faults which occur during the late evening periods (22:00 - 00:00). Pollution (with wetting) during the early morning periods may result in faults for the period 00:00 to 02:00. Line faults in the early morning periods (04:00 - 7:00) could be due to bird streamers or pollution and wetting, depending on the time of year in which the faults occurs. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The purpose of the proposed research is to design a Decentralized Voltage/Stability Monitoring and Control System to counteract voltage violations and the impact of disturbances/contingencies on power system voltage stability. A decentralized voltage and stability control system is designed to coordinate the controls of the local secondary voltage control devices and necessary load shedding without requiring information about the rest of the system. The voltage/stability control can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. The control objectives include, but are not limited to: minimization of system active/reactive losses; maximization of the system stability margin; and minimization of the control actions. The constraints of the optimization problem depend on the specifications of the actual system components. For the first time, margin sensitivities of the control actions are included in the control formulation. The concept of using margin sensitivity to evaluate the post-control load margin is presented as a fast and accurate way to assess potential voltage and stability control options. A system decomposition procedure is designed to define the disturbance-affected zone as an independent control subsystem. A normal constraint algorithm is adopted to identify the most suitable control solution in a shorter timeline than the typical utility voltage-control practice. Both steady-state and dynamic simulations are performed to compare the proposed system with typical utility control practices.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2879964 bytes, checksum: c3e37ecb0614aa78a57b7162a768d8c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Energy has been an important economic, political and social factor in the world, especially since the second half of the twentieth century. It is crucial for economic and human development and fundamental to improve the population ́s life quality. In this context, the use of Distributed Generation (DG) of electrical energy has been increased attention, mainly from renewable sources. Despite the generation of solar PV is still considered not economically competitive, this technology has been promoted through governmental programs. Consequently, it has seen a strong growth in its use both in Brazil and in the world. In this study, we investigated the localization methods of distributed generation with energy storage from the point of view of the electrical energy distribution utilities. We chose to use the methodology described by Toledo, 2013 , based on the calculation of the general index (IG). This index is composed of technical, economic and environmental aspects. The economic aspect is composed of the line losses sub-index (IPL) and the load factor sub- index (IFC), the technical aspect of the voltage profile (IPT) sub-index and the reliability (IC) sub-index, and lastly, the environmental aspect is composed of the environmental sub-index (IAMB). In each sub-index was applied a set of weights that have options to value certain aspect. It was proposed to use the pre-selection criteria, in order to identify areas of great or minor interest to install the GD with energy storage, thereby reducing the universe of analysis. The pre - selection criteria were defined as: the distribution grid characterization, location, installation type, connection cost and load priority. For the analyzes we used the software for energy planning, Homer, and PSS ADEPT to calculate the power flow. The five distribution feeders analyzed are located in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais of the utility CEMIG. It was also analyzed the general simplified index, which is the general index less the sub-indices that depend on the calculation of the power flow, i. e., the line losses and the voltage profile. The analysis consisted of the indication of the optimal locations for the insertion of GD with energy storage. The methodology used was appropriate for the proposed goal, i. e., to determine the optimal locations for insertion of distributed generation with energy storage, from the electrical energy distribution utilities point of view. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for future work in order to improve the methodology. / Energia tem sido um dos fatores importantes para o desenvolvimento econômico, político e social ocorrido no mundo, principalmente, desde a segunda metade do século XX. É crucial para o desenvolvimento econômico e humano e fundamental para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Nesse contexto, a utilização da Geração Distribuída (GD) da energia elétrica vem ganhando destaque, principalmente a advinda de fontes renováveis. Apesar da geração de energia solar fotovoltaica ser ainda considerada não competitiva economicamente, essa tecnologia vem sendo promovida por meio de programas governamentais. Consequentemente, tem se observado um forte crescimento de sua utilização tanto no Brasil como no mundo. Nesse trabalho, foram pesquisados métodos de localização da geração distribuída com armazenamento de energia do ponto de vista de concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica. Optou-se por utilizar a metodologia descrita por Toledo, 2013, que se baseia no cálculo do Índice Geral (IG). Esse índice é composto por aspectos técnicos econômicos e ambientais. O aspecto econômico é composto pelo sub-índice de perdas na linha (IPL) e pelo sub- índice do fator de carga (IFC), o aspecto técnico pelo sub-índice do perfil de tensão (IPT) e pelo sub-índice de confiabilidade (IC), e por último, o aspecto ambiental definido pelo sub-índice ambiental (IAMB). Em cada sub-índice foi aplicado um conjunto de pesos para que se tenham opções de valorizar determinado aspecto. Foi proposta a utilização de critérios de pré-seleção com o objetivo de identificar áreas de maior ou menor interesse para a instalação da GD com armazenamento de energia, assim diminuindo o universo de análise. Os critérios de pré-seleção foram definidos como: caracterização da rede de distribuição; localização; tipo de instalação; custo de conexão e prioridade da carga. Para as análises realizadas utilizou-se o software de planejamento energético, Homer, e o PSS ADEPT para o cálculo do fluxo de potência. Os cinco alimentadores de distribuição analisados são localizados na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG da concessionária CEMIG. Foi também analisado o índice geral simplificado, que é o índice geral menos os sub-índices que dependem do cálculo do fluxo de potência, i. e., perdas na linha e o perfil de tensão. A análise realizada consistiu de indicar locais ótimos para a inserção da GD com armazenamento de energia. A metodologia utilizada mostrou-se apropriada para o objetivo proposto, i. e., de determinar locais ótimos para a inserção da geração distribuída com armazenamento de energia, do ponto de vista de concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica. E por fim, foram propostas algumas sugestões para trabalhos futuros e para o aprimoramento da metodologia.

This work demonstrates the theoretical and experimental feasibility of a induction generator to work as an attenuator of the harmonics in main generators of on the electric power system, i.e., the synchronous generators. The induction and synchronous machines were analyzed in physical terms and established mathematical modeling in the frequency domain in order to prove the purpose of the thesis. Computer simulations were also carried out in the time domain and laboratory tests were made to check levels of attenuation of current harmonics (THDi) in accordance with the maximum standardized voltage harmonic distortion (THDv). Furthermore, this work presents a study of technical and economical feasibility of a typical application. / Este trabalho demonstra a viabilidade teórica e experimental de um gerador de indução funcionar como um atenuador dos harmônicos nos geradores principais do sistema elétrico de potência, ou seja, os geradores síncronos. Foram analisadas as máquinas de indução e síncronas do ponto de vista físico e estabelecidas modelagens matemáticas no domínio da frequência, a fim de comprovar o objetivo da tese. Foram realizadas também´em, simulações computacionais no domínio do tempo e ensaios em laboratório para verificar os n´níveis de atenuação de harmônicos de corrente (THDi) em conformidade com os limites máximos de distorções harmônicas de tensão (THDv) normalizados. Apresenta-se também neste trabalho um estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica de uma aplicação típica. / Doutor em Ciências