Reactive power is critical to reliable operation of the modern AC power system. There is a plethora of motor-loads, transformers, and power-electronic loads connected to the power grid, which consume reactive power for normal operation. Transmission lines also consume reactive power when they are loaded above their surge impedance loading (SIL). Reactive power can exact opportunity cost due to reduced capacity of the lines to carry real power, which in turn lowers revenue. Most transmission owners (TOs) levy large penalties against load serving entities (LSEs), industrial facilities, and other end-use customers, who consume more than their allotted amount, as measured by their power factor. These penalties are to incentivize their customers to meet their reactive power needs locally as well as to recuperate the TOs' financial losses. Harmonic pollution is another factor that prevents the optimal operation of the grid and the connected loads. Harmonics are attributable to proliferation of the diode-rectifier- or thyristor-rectifier-interfaced loads such as variable speed ac drives and power supplies in server farms, electric arc furnaces, and other non-linear loads, which are widely employed by the industrial sector. With wider adoption of harmonic-rich loads by the consumer sector as well, such as HDTVs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), greater level of triplen harmonics associated with single-phase loads are also increasingly seen on the distribution grid. The increasing penetration of renewable resources and electrification of light-duty vehicles are expected to further aggravate the stresses and congestion on the utility grid. Reactive power compensation is necessary for supporting the AC grid and maintaining a healthy voltage stability margin. Compensation can also enhance the utilization of system capacity, lower system losses, provide fault ride-through, and enable a quick fault recovery. Existing VAR and harmonic compensation technologies are either too expensive or inadequate to meet the dynamic needs of the modern and the future power system. This dissertation presents a novel class of Dynamic VAR and Harmonic Compensators (DVHCs) for supplying or absorbing reactive power and providing harmonic filtering, where the compensation is in shunt with the line and the load. The underlying concept is based on augmenting a static or passive component like a capacitor or an inductor with a direct AC converter and imbuing the passive component with dynamic properties. The direct AC converter can be configured as a buck, a boost, or a buck-boost. A `fail-normal' switch is an integral part of the DVHCs that bypasses the converter when it fails, preserving the original functionality and the reliability of the passive component. The DVHCs are modular and scalable such that they can be employed in applications ranging from residential and industrial with voltages less than 480 V, to power distribution level with voltages as high as 35 kV. The Dynamic Inductor (D-IND) and the Dynamic Capacitor (D-CAP) are subclasses of the DVHCs. As the applications for supplying leading VARs are more prevalent, the primary focus of this work is on the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP. To understand the characteristics and operation of the DVHCs, this work has developed time-domain models for analyzing the transient and dynamic behavior; frequency-domain models for understanding the harmonic interactions and the steady-state relationships between switch duty and current harmonics; and small-signal models for studying the dynamics of the converter due to various perturbations. The small-signal models also enable extraction of transfer functions in designing controllers and assessing stability margins. Control architectures and techniques are presented for effectively controlling the D-CAP when commutating the semiconductor devices with both high and low switching frequencies. In modularly scaling the DVHCs to higher voltages, three medium-voltage topologies are discussed. They are based on series-connecting fractionally-rated devices, AC flying capacitors, and series cascading multiple two-level cells. These implementations allow direct connect to the medium-voltage grid, thereby obviating the use of transformers, and subsequently reducing the losses, cost, complexity, and footprint. A novel AC snubber concept is proposed to provide safe commutation of the AC switches, fault tolerance by managing the energy trapped in parasitics and filters, and to enable dynamic and static voltage sharing when integrated around the series-connected devices. Design equations for selecting and rating the devices and components in the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP are presented. Three sets of example designs, with one at low-voltage and two at medium-voltage, are discussed to demonstrate the typical size and ratings of the various components under realistic operating conditions. Measurements and the related discussions of a 40 kVA buck D-CAP prototype built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed concepts are presented.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientadores: José Antenor Pomilio, Edson Adriano Vendrusculo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:26:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Newtonda_D.pdf: 5963220 bytes, checksum: 500403f704e8c3419c8550979ec0b925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os filtros híbridos combinam o filtro passivo com o filtro ativo para a obtenção de um filtro que aproveita as qualidades de ambos. O filtro híbrido possui uma redução de potência na sua parte ativa e apresenta um melhor desempenho que o filtro passivo. Existem diferentes topologias de combinações entre o filtro passivo e o filtro ativo, cada uma com suas características. A topologia mais usual é aquela em que o filtro ativo fica em série com o filtro passivo. Neste trabalho será analisada a topologia com o filtro ativo em paralelo com o indutor do filtro passivo. A vantagem desta topologia é a divisão das correntes harmônicas entre ambos os filtros, o que não ocorre na topologia série. O funcionamento do filtro híbrido na compensação das harmônicas de corrente da carga é aprofundado, ampliando as discussões anteriormente publicadas, identificando novas características de operação, contribuindo no estabelecimento de procedimentos de projeto tanto do circuito de potência quanto de controle. Um estudo teórico da atuação do filtro híbrido em um alimentador industrial de média tensão descrito na norma IEEE 519-1992 (workbench) é também apresentado. Resultados experimentais de implementação em um protótipo são apresentados de modo a comprovar a técnica de controle usada e também avaliar a compensação de correntes harmônicas em situações distintas de carga e harmônico de tensão na rede / Abstract: Hybrid Filters combine the passive filter with the active filter to obtain a filter that takes advantage of the qualities of both. The hybrid filter has a power reduction in its active part and presents better performance than the passive filter. There are different topologies of the combinations between the passive filter and the active filter, each with its own characteristics. The most common topology is the active filter in series with the passive filter. In this work the topology that will be analyzed is one where the active filter is parallel to the inductor of the passive filter. The advantage of this topology is the division of the harmonic current between the two filters, this does not occur in the series topology. The operation of the hybrid filter in the compensation of the load harmonic current is improved, expanding the discussions previously published, identifying new characteristics of operation, contributing to the establishment of design procedures in the power circuit as in the control. A theoretical study of the hybrid filter performance in an industrial medium voltage power supply described in IEEE standard 519-1992 (workbench) is presented too. Experimental results from a prototype implementation are presented in order to check the control technique used and also to evaluate the current harmonic compensation in different situations of the load and harmonic voltage in the source / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Ernesto Ruppert Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Villalva_MarceloGradella_M.pdf: 5074196 bytes, checksum: 39f4e09d9f1f624c909a5ee7f2d3fa4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o tema da qualidade de energia elétrica adquiriu grande importância em anos recentes. O número crescente de cargas baseadas em conversores eletrônicos criou a preocupação com a distorção harmônica em sistemas de energia elétrica. Qualidade de energia é um assunto importante tanto para as companhias distribuidoras e geradoras de energia elétrica como para os consumidores. A poluição harmônica pode causar sérios problemas às companhias e aos consumidores. Alguns dos possíveis problemas são a instabilidade na operação do sistema, distorções de tensão, perdas de energia, interferência eletromagnética e ressonâncias perigosas. A utilização de equipamentos para eliminação de harmônicos tornou-se necessária e são versas as soluções possíveis. Tradicionalmente se utilizam Itros passivos do tipo série ou paralelo. Esses Itros resentam como desvantagem suas grandes dimensões, seu custo elevado, elevadas perdas de energia, pouca e cácia, dependendência da interação com parâmetros do sistema e risco de introdução de novas freqüências de ressonância. O desenvolvimento recente da eletrônica de potência e do processamento digital de sinais tornou possível a utilização de Itros ativos de potência, que são condicionadores eletrônicos de energia. Filtros ativos de potência podem ser utilizados para realizar a Itragem de harmônicos em sistemas elétricos, sem os problemas apresentados pelos dispositivos passivos. Filtros ativos série são utilizados para eliminar distorções de tensão e Itros ativos paralelos são usados para eliminar correntes harmônicas originadas por carga não lineares. Esses últimos podem ainda ser usados para corrigir o fator de potência e para equilibrar as correntes de linha em sistemas desbalanceados com quatro os. Este trabalho estuda a aplicação de Itros ativos paralelos a sistemas trifásicos com quatro os. São estudados teorias de potências, métodos de compensação de harmônicos e sistemas de controle. A principal contribuição do trabalho está no emprego de um método seletivo de compensação de correntes baseado em redes neurais adaptativas, além do estudo do emprego de redes neurais no controle de correntes. Esses e outros assuntos foram experimentalmente comprovados com um protótipo de Itro ativo construí do em laboratório / Abstract: Electricity power quality has gained increased importance in the past few years. The growing number of power electronicsbased loads has created a preoccupation about harrnonic distortion in electric systems. Electricity power quality is an important issue both for energy utilities and consumers. Harrnonic poIlution may cause severe problems to electricity utilities and consumer networks such as system instability, voltage distortions, power losses, electromagnetic interference and harrnful resonances. The use ofharrnonic ltering equipment has become necessary and many solutions have been studied. Traditional passive devices such as tuned shunt lters and series reactors present disadvantages such as bulky sizes, high costs, increased losses, smaIl effectiveness, dependence on the parameters of the electric system and yet more risk of resonance with other elements of the network. Recent deve10pments in the major of power electronics and digital processing have made possible the pplication of electronic power conditioners such as series and shunt active lters. Active power lters may be used to overcome the drawbacks of passive devices. Series active power lters are used to reduce voltage distortions of electric systems. Shunt active power lters are used to mitigate harrnonic currents originated by nonlinear loads. The latter may be also used for increasing power factor and for balancing line currents in four-wire systems with unbalanced loads. This work is concerned with the application of shunt active power lters to three-phase four-wire electric systems. Power theories, compensation methods and control systems are discussed. The application of a se1ective compensation method based on adaptive neural networks and the employment of a neural network in the current controlIer are the main contributions of this work. These and other subjects were experimentalIy tested with a prototype of an active. power lter built in laboratory / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo de controladores aplicados a retificadores boost pré reguladores de alto fator de potência. A estratégia convencional, mais utilizada, é o controle por valores médios instantâneos que apresenta uma malha de corrente rápida e uma malha de tensão lenta. A frequência de corte desta última malha é baixa devido a ondulação de tensão de saída no dobro da frequência da rede que deve existir para apresentar uma corrente de entrada com baixa distorção harmônica. Esses controles apresentam um sobressinal elevado e transição lenta durante transitórios de carga, levando a elevação da tensão dos capacitores de saída. A técnica apresentada é um controlador digital com feedforward de potência de saída associado a uma malha de realimentação direta, também conhecido como autocontrole. Essa estratégia possibilita melhores resultados nos transitórios de carga possibilitando redução do capacitor de saída com reduzido sobressinal no transitório de carga. / In this work a study applied in controlled boost rectifiers with high power factor is presented. A most widely used conventional control strategy is the instant average current control, this kind of control have a fast current loop and a slow voltage loop.The cutoff frequency of the voltage loop is low because the output voltage ripple must be twice the frequency of the input network, that need to exist to provide an input current with low harmonic distortion. These controllers feature a high overshoot and a slow transition during the transient load what leads a high voltage in the output capacitors. The developed technique is a digital controller that operate with a feedforward output power associated with one cycle control. This strategy provides better results in the load transient, reducing the overshoot and alloying a reduction of the output capacitor.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo de controladores aplicados a retificadores boost pré reguladores de alto fator de potência. A estratégia convencional, mais utilizada, é o controle por valores médios instantâneos que apresenta uma malha de corrente rápida e uma malha de tensão lenta. A frequência de corte desta última malha é baixa devido a ondulação de tensão de saída no dobro da frequência da rede que deve existir para apresentar uma corrente de entrada com baixa distorção harmônica. Esses controles apresentam um sobressinal elevado e transição lenta durante transitórios de carga, levando a elevação da tensão dos capacitores de saída. A técnica apresentada é um controlador digital com feedforward de potência de saída associado a uma malha de realimentação direta, também conhecido como autocontrole. Essa estratégia possibilita melhores resultados nos transitórios de carga possibilitando redução do capacitor de saída com reduzido sobressinal no transitório de carga. / In this work a study applied in controlled boost rectifiers with high power factor is presented. A most widely used conventional control strategy is the instant average current control, this kind of control have a fast current loop and a slow voltage loop.The cutoff frequency of the voltage loop is low because the output voltage ripple must be twice the frequency of the input network, that need to exist to provide an input current with low harmonic distortion. These controllers feature a high overshoot and a slow transition during the transient load what leads a high voltage in the output capacitors. The developed technique is a digital controller that operate with a feedforward output power associated with one cycle control. This strategy provides better results in the load transient, reducing the overshoot and alloying a reduction of the output capacitor.