Ce travail de thèse traite de la caractérisation par spectroscopie d'impédance d'échantillons biologiques de très faibles dimensions. Les phénomènes de polarisation, classiques en spectroscopie d'impédance, créent une contrainte et augmentent l'erreur de mesure en basses fréquences. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'optimisation géométrique de la structure d'un capteur à électrodes interdigitées afin d'élargir la bande de fréquence utile. Le premier chapitre synthétise les données fondamentales relatives au comportement électrique des tissus biologiques ainsi que leurs propriétés électriques. Un état de l'art des techniques fondamentales de mesure d'impédance basées sur les électrodes micrométriques est aussi décrit. Le deuxième chapitre concerne une approche théorique pour l'optimisation du capteur. Cette optimisation sert à élargir la bande de fréquence utile de mesure. Elle consiste à choisir un rapport optimum de distance inter-électrodes sur largeur d'électrode. Une modélisation tridimensionnelle du système d'électrodes chargé par un milieu biologiquea été simulée sous ConventorWare©. Les résultats de cette simulation sont discutés. Le troisième chapitre traite de la conception et de la réalisation des biocapteurs. Les dispositifs technologiques développés sont décrits. La conception et la fabrication des composants sont présentées. Dans le dernier chapitre, une campagne de mesure sur des micro-volumes de fluides (solutions étalons, sang humain) est réalisée. Les mesures sont effectuées à l'aide de cinq micros capteurs à électrodes interdigitées. Les mesures réalisées sur des échantillons (solution étalons, sang humain) ainsi que la validation des dispositifs sont discutées. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à des valeurs publiées dans la littérature et la théorie d'optimisation développée est validée et justifiée expérimentalement / The characterization by impedance spectroscopy of biological micro samples is one of the objectives of this thesis. The well known polarization phenomena at low frequency is a constraint that increases the measurement error. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the geometric structure of an interdigitated electrode sensor in order to obtain confident experimental results in an extended useful frequency band without a significant influence of the polarization effect. The first chapter synthesizes fundamental data on the electrical behavior of biological tissues and their electrical properties. A state of the art techniques of the fundamental impedance measurement based on micrometric electrodes is also presented. The second chapter developps a theoretical approach for optimization of the biosensor. This optimization is used to expand the usable measurement. Indeed, it leads to determine the optimum distance between electrodes versus electrode width. A 3D modeling of the electrode system loaded by a biological medium was simulated using ConventorWare and the results are discussed. In the third chapter, the devices developed in this work are described. Design and manufacture of the biosensor components are described. In the last chapter, measurements on microvolumes of fluids (standard solutions, human blood) using five micros sensors with interdigitated electrodes are presented and discussed. Finally we compare these results to published values in the literature and the optimization theory is experimentally validated

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-06T20:07:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RaffaelPinto.pdf: 7905766 bytes, checksum: 7f7997961e840698d9d936cdea00b602 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T20:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaffaelPinto.pdf: 7905766 bytes, checksum: 7f7997961e840698d9d936cdea00b602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-21 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / In this work have been investigated the dielectric and vibrational properties of the ORMOSIL membranes based on PDMS and TEOS doped with MDS using the Di erential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), impedance, Raman and infrareds spectroscopy technics. Such membranes are hybrid organic-inorganic materials with potential application in PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) and were doped with concentrations 0%(Pure Membrane), 5%, 10%, 20% e 30% of MDS. The thermal measurements were performed in the range from room temperature and 550 oC. The results showed that, after the MDS inclusion, the membranes absorb water. Besides, then thermal stability of the membranes decreased with the MDS inclusion. The dielectrics measurements were performed in temperature range of 313K-373K. The results showed that room temperature conductivity increases linearly with the frequency, until 353K, suggesting a hopping conduction and leaving this linear behavior above 353K. Besides, it was observed that conductivity doesn't increases linearly with MDS concentration, but increases until maximal value for 20% MDS concentration and decreases again for 30% MDS concentration de ning a synergetic e ect, which probably is associate with con gurational arrange of microcristallites MDS. Another feature of that membranes is a relaxation process visible in the electrical module graphics which appear just in doped membranes, being however, due to the MDS. The vibrational properties of hybrids membranes were obtained through Raman scattering and infrared. The results con rmed the presence of Si¡O¡Si, Si¡C, Si¡OH, C2H5, Si¡CH3, CH3, CH2, C¡H, S=O and S¡O groups. Where the S=O and S¡O groups are presents just in MDS compound. Consequently, their respective peaks appear only in the doped membrane spectra. / Neste trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades térmicas, dielétricas e vibracionais das membranas de ORMOSIL baseadas em PDMS e TEOS dopadas com MDS através das técnicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura, espectroscopias de impedância, Raman e infravermelho. Essas membranas são materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânico com grande potencialidade de aplicação em células combustíveis do tipo PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) e foram dopadas nas concentrações de 0%(Pura), 5%, 10%, 20% e 30% de MDS. As medidas térmicas foram realizadas entre a temperatura ambiente e 500 oC e mostraram que as membranas passam a absorver água quando o MDS é inserido. Mostraram também que as membranas têm sua estabilidade térmica reduzida quando o MDS é inserido. As medidas dielétricas foram realizadas no intervalo de temperatura entre 40 e 100oC. Os resultados mostraram que a condutividade à temperatura ambiente aumenta de maneira praticamente linear com a freqüência, mantendo-se assim até 80±C sugerindo uma condução por hopping e deixando de ter esse comportamento linear para temperaturas acima de 80±C. Observou-se também que a condutividade não aumenta linearmente com a concentração de MDS, mas atinge um valor máximo para a membrana com 20% de MDS e diminui novamente para a membrana com 30% de MDS caracterizando assim um efeito sinergético, que provavelmente está associado ao arranjo configuracional dos microcristalitos do MDS. Uma outra característica interessante dessas membranas, é um processo de relaxação visível nos grá cos do módulo elétrico o qual consta apenas nas membranas dopadas, sendo portanto, característico do MDS. As propriedades vibracionais desses materiais híbridos foram determinadas através de medidas do espalhamento Raman. Os resultados da espectroscopia Raman e infravermelho confirmaram a presença dos grupos Si¡O¡Si, Si¡C, Si¡OH, C2H5, Si¡CH3, CH3, CH2, C¡H, S=O e S¡O. Onde estes dois últimos estão presentes somente no MDS e, por essa razão, seus respectivos picos só se apresentaram no espectro das membranas dopadas.