Uma propriedade fundamental dos seres vivos é a condução de sinais elétricos através de seus tecidos. Mas esse fato pouco é lembrado quando se trata de organismos vegetais. Outro item fundamental é a geração de sinais que possam transmitir informações entre os tecidos e órgãos para um ajuste fino do metabolismo. Nas plantas esses sinais podem ser de natureza química, hidráulica e elétrica. Nesse último caso são conhecidos potenciais de ação (PA), de variação (PV), de ferimentos (WP) e sistêmicos (SP), cada um com sua particularidade quanto à amplitude, velocidade e rotas de propagação, bem como seu papel no metabolismo. Os sinais elétricos podem afetar a respiração, fotossíntese, absorção de água, ativação de genes e fechamento de folhas de plantas insetívoras. PAs podem se propagar com velocidade relativamente constante e sem decréscimo. Eles seguem a lei do tudo-ou-nada, ou seja, todo estímulo que desencadeia um PA deve atingir um limiar de excitação para desencadear o sinal. Assim que o limiar é atingido o sinal se autoperpetua ao passo que estímulos supra limiares desencadeiam PAs de amplitude constante. A via de propagação do PA é o vaso do floema. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sinalização elétrica em resposta à irrigação em plantas de girassol sob déficit hídrico e caracterizar esse sinal quanto à amplitude, duração, velocidade e direção de propagação. Para tanto 37 plantas foram avaliadas por meio de eletrodos extracelulares. Elas foram monitoras eletrofisiologicamente durante um período em que eram irrigadas e em um período sob déficit hídrico. Desse montante, onze responderam à irrigação pela geração de potenciais de ação (PA), ou seja, 30% delas. Oito delas geraram PAs em direção ao ápice (propagação acrópeta) enquanto duas geraram na direção basípeta. Uma delas gerou nos dois sentidos. O PA foi gerado também pós-irrigação mesmo com a planta não tendo passado por déficit hídrico, porém só aconteceu em uma das onze plantas. Os sinais se propagaram no caule, pecíolo e nervura central das folhas. O potencial de ação é gerado após irrigação em plantas de girassol com maior frequência quando elas passam por período de déficit hídrico e se propagam por toda a planta. Isso evidencia o papel do PA na sinalização de longa distância nos vegetais. / A fundamental property in the leaving beings is the conduction of electrical signals through their tissues. However, this fact is not always remembered when it comes to plant organisms. Another key process is the generation of signals that can transmit information among tissues and organs to a fine-tuning of the metabolism. In plants, these signals can be chemical, hydraulic and electrical. Concerning the last one, action potentials (AP), variation potentials (VP), wound potentials (WP) and system potentials (SP) are known; each one with its particularity regarding amplitude, velocity and propagation routes as well as its role in metabolism. The electrical signals may affect respiration, photosynthesis, water uptake, activation of genes and leaf closure in insectivorous plants. APs can spread with relatively constant speed and no decrement. They follow the all-or-nothing law, in another words, every stimulus that triggers an AP must reach a threshold to trigger the signal. Once the threshold is reached, the signal is self-perpetuating while stimuli above threshold trigger APs with constant amplitude. The propagation path of the AP is the phloem vessel. The aim of this work was to evaluate the electrical signaling in response to irrigation in sunflower plants under water deficit and characterize the AP regarding its amplitude, duration, velocity and propagation direction. Thirty seven plants were analyzed using extracellular electrodes. They were electrophysiologically monitored during a period when irrigated and in a period under drought. Eleven plants generated AP after irrigation, i.e. 30%. Eight of them generated AP that propagated acropetally while two generated in basipetal direction. One generated in both directions. The action potential was also generated in a plant that was not under drought stress, however it just happened in one of the eleven plants. The signals propagated in the stem, petiole and midrib of the leaves. The action potential is generated after irrigation in sunflower plants more frequently when they go through a period of water deficit and propagate throughout the plant. This highlights the role of AP in long-distance signaling in plants.

Uma propriedade fundamental dos seres vivos é a condução de sinais elétricos através de seus tecidos. Mas esse fato pouco é lembrado quando se trata de organismos vegetais. Outro item fundamental é a geração de sinais que possam transmitir informações entre os tecidos e órgãos para um ajuste fino do metabolismo. Nas plantas esses sinais podem ser de natureza química, hidráulica e elétrica. Nesse último caso são conhecidos potenciais de ação (PA), de variação (PV), de ferimentos (WP) e sistêmicos (SP), cada um com sua particularidade quanto à amplitude, velocidade e rotas de propagação, bem como seu papel no metabolismo. Os sinais elétricos podem afetar a respiração, fotossíntese, absorção de água, ativação de genes e fechamento de folhas de plantas insetívoras. PAs podem se propagar com velocidade relativamente constante e sem decréscimo. Eles seguem a lei do tudo-ou-nada, ou seja, todo estímulo que desencadeia um PA deve atingir um limiar de excitação para desencadear o sinal. Assim que o limiar é atingido o sinal se autoperpetua ao passo que estímulos supra limiares desencadeiam PAs de amplitude constante. A via de propagação do PA é o vaso do floema. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sinalização elétrica em resposta à irrigação em plantas de girassol sob déficit hídrico e caracterizar esse sinal quanto à amplitude, duração, velocidade e direção de propagação. Para tanto 37 plantas foram avaliadas por meio de eletrodos extracelulares. Elas foram monitoras eletrofisiologicamente durante um período em que eram irrigadas e em um período sob déficit hídrico. Desse montante, onze responderam à irrigação pela geração de potenciais de ação (PA), ou seja, 30% delas. Oito delas geraram PAs em direção ao ápice (propagação acrópeta) enquanto duas geraram na direção basípeta. Uma delas gerou nos dois sentidos. O PA foi gerado também pós-irrigação mesmo com a planta não tendo passado por déficit hídrico, porém só aconteceu em uma das onze plantas. Os sinais se propagaram no caule, pecíolo e nervura central das folhas. O potencial de ação é gerado após irrigação em plantas de girassol com maior frequência quando elas passam por período de déficit hídrico e se propagam por toda a planta. Isso evidencia o papel do PA na sinalização de longa distância nos vegetais. / A fundamental property in the leaving beings is the conduction of electrical signals through their tissues. However, this fact is not always remembered when it comes to plant organisms. Another key process is the generation of signals that can transmit information among tissues and organs to a fine-tuning of the metabolism. In plants, these signals can be chemical, hydraulic and electrical. Concerning the last one, action potentials (AP), variation potentials (VP), wound potentials (WP) and system potentials (SP) are known; each one with its particularity regarding amplitude, velocity and propagation routes as well as its role in metabolism. The electrical signals may affect respiration, photosynthesis, water uptake, activation of genes and leaf closure in insectivorous plants. APs can spread with relatively constant speed and no decrement. They follow the all-or-nothing law, in another words, every stimulus that triggers an AP must reach a threshold to trigger the signal. Once the threshold is reached, the signal is self-perpetuating while stimuli above threshold trigger APs with constant amplitude. The propagation path of the AP is the phloem vessel. The aim of this work was to evaluate the electrical signaling in response to irrigation in sunflower plants under water deficit and characterize the AP regarding its amplitude, duration, velocity and propagation direction. Thirty seven plants were analyzed using extracellular electrodes. They were electrophysiologically monitored during a period when irrigated and in a period under drought. Eleven plants generated AP after irrigation, i.e. 30%. Eight of them generated AP that propagated acropetally while two generated in basipetal direction. One generated in both directions. The action potential was also generated in a plant that was not under drought stress, however it just happened in one of the eleven plants. The signals propagated in the stem, petiole and midrib of the leaves. The action potential is generated after irrigation in sunflower plants more frequently when they go through a period of water deficit and propagate throughout the plant. This highlights the role of AP in long-distance signaling in plants.

Cette thèse propose une méthode d'analyse des signaux triphasés pour la surveillance d'état des systèmes électromécaniques. La méthode proposée repose sur l'utilisation de la transformée en composantes symétriques instantanées et d'outils simples de traitement du signal pour détecter les défauts électriques et mécaniques dans de tels systèmes. Les avantages de cette approche triphasée par rapport à une approche monophasée pour la surveillance d'état sont étudiés en détail. Tout d'abord, pour les défauts électriques, l'utilisation de la transformée triphasée permet de séparer les composantes symétriques et asymétriques, et facilite ainsi la détection d'un déséquilibre électrique. Ensuite, pour les défauts mécaniques, l'approche par transformée en composantes symétriques permet de travailler dans des espaces avec un meilleur rapport signal à bruit. En effet, en appliquant le même traitement à la fois en monophasé et en triphasé sur les composantes symétriques, on observe que certains défauts mécaniques ne sont détectables qu’en utilisant la séquence positive des composantes symétriques. La méthodologie complète et les algorithmes pour calculer les indicateurs de défaut pour les défauts électriques et mécaniques sont donnés et les résultats sont validés sur signaux synthétiques et expérimentaux. En termes d'application, l'accent est mis sur la surveillance d'état des composants de turbines éoliennes. Toutefois, le procédé proposé peut être appliqué à des systèmes électromécaniques en général et peut facilement être étendu à des systèmes polyphasés. / This thesis proposes a three-phase electrical signals analysis method for condition monitoring of electromechanical systems. The proposed method relies on the use of instantaneous symmetrical components (ISCs) transform and simple signal processing tools to detect both electrical and mechanical faults in such systems. The advantages of using this three-phase approach for condition monitoring instead of single-phase ones are thoroughly detailed. Firstly, for electrical faults the use of the three-phase transform separates the balanced and unbalanced components thus making electrical unbalance detection easier. Secondly, for mechanical faults the ISCs approach has better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Indeed, by applying the same processing to both single-phase and ISCs, some mechanical faults are only detectable using the positive-sequence ISC. The complete methodology and algorithms to compute fault indicators for both electrical and mechanical faults are given and the results are validated using synthetic and experimental signals. In terms of application, the focus was on condition monitoring of wind turbine components. However, the proposed method can be applied on electromechanical systems in general and can easily be extended to poly-phase systems.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a été effectué dans le cadre du projet FEDER ”Maintenance prédictive des éoliennes et maîtrise des impacts environnementaux”. Un des objectifs du projet a été de développer, dans le Poitou-Charentes, des compétences dans le domaine de l’éolien en lien avec les activités des laboratoires LIAS et LaSIE. Pour le LIAS, il a été décidé de lancer une nouvelle activité de recherche sur le diagnostic de défauts mécaniques. Le cadre du projet concernant l’éolien, les défauts localisés dans les multiplicateurs ont été privilégiés. Par ailleurs, nous avons restreint l’étude au régime stationnaire afin de simplifier l’apprentissage des différents phénomènes mis en jeu et des techniques de traitement du signal utilisées. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les signatures de défaut sur les signaux vibratoires. Cette phase a été facilitée par l’utilisation des données expérimentales mise à disposition par le Bearing Data Center de la Case Western Reserve - University de Cleveland. Parmi les méthodes de traitement de signal utilisées, nous avons opté pour l’analyse d’enveloppe mise en oeuvre dans les techniques de type Time Synchronous Analysis (TSA). A cette occasion, nous avons défini une procédure complète de détection de défaut que nous avons conservée tout au long de cette étude en appliquant une technique d’identification de type PNL qui nous a permis d’obtenir des résultats comparables à des méthodes haute résolution de type ESPRIT. Par la suite, nous nous sommes recentrés sur l’application éolienne en réalisant un banc d’essai original permettant d’émuler un défaut au niveau de l’accouplement de deux machines électriques. L’idée principale a été de recenser l’ensemble des signaux exploitables dans le cadre de la détection du défaut émulé et de fournir une classification entre les courants électriques, le couple mécanique et la vitesse des machines. Par ailleurs, un comparatif entre signaux mesurés et signaux estimés a été présenté. Il en ressort qu’il est possible d’obtenir un signal observé plus riche que la mesure directe en terme de composantes spectrales liées au défaut. Cette amélioration est rendue possible par une synthèse adéquate des gains d’observation qui a été obtenue après linéarisation de l’observateur étudié. En marge de l’application éolienne, le cas d’un moteur commandé vectoriellement a été abordé. L’idée a été d’exploiter les performances de la boucle de vitesse afin d’amplifier les composantes recherchées dans les courants électriques. L’ensemble de ces pistes de recherches a été testé en simulation et expérimentalement. / The work presented in this thesis was carried out under the FEDER project ”Maintenance prédictive des éoliennes et maîtrise des impacts environnementaux”. One of the project objectives was to develop, in Poitou-Charentes, expertise in the field of wind power in connection with the activities of LIAS and LaSIE laboratories. For LIAS, it was decided to launch a new research activity on the diagnosis of mechanical faults. The localized defects in gearbox were privileged. Furthermore, we restricted the study to the stationary system to simplify the learning of different phenomena involved and signal processing techniques. In the first part, we studied the fault signatures on the vibration signals. This phase was facilitated by the use of experimental data available from the Bearing Data Center of the Case Western Reserve - Cleveland University. Among the signal processing methods, we opted for envelope analysis implemented in the Synchronous Time Averaging (TSA). On this occasion, we defined a comprehensive fault detection procedure that we have maintained throughout this study by applying a NLP identification technique where we obtained similar results compared to high-resolution methods as ESPRIT. There after, we refocused on wind power applications by making an original test bench capable of emulating a fault in the coupling of two electrical machines. The main idea was to identify all usable signals in the context of emulated fault detection and to provide a classification between electric currents, mechanical torque and speed of the machines. Moreover, a comparison between measured signals and estimated ones was discussed. It shows that it is possible to get an observed signal richer than direct signal measurement in terms of spectral components related to the defect. This improvement is made possible by an appropriate synthesis of gains observer which was obtained after linearization of the studied observer. In the margin of wind application, the case of a motor controlled by vector was also discussed. The idea was to exploit the speed loop performance to amplify the fault components in electrical currents. All these researches have been tested in simulation and experimentally.