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This thesis reports a summary of the PhD programme for the assessment of person‘s emotional anxiety using Electro-optical technology. The thesis focuses mainly on the understanding of fundamental properties of physiological responses to emotional anxiety and how they can be captured by using Electro-optical (EO) imaging methods such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and thermal imaging (TI) techniques. The thesis summarises three main areas of work that have been undertaken by the author in the programme: (a) Experimental set up including HSI system and data acquisition software design and implementation, (b) fundamental understanding of physiological responses to emotional anxiety from the EO perspective and (c) the development of a novel remote sensing technique for the assessment of emotions without the requirement of base line information. One of our main results is to provide evidence to prove that the mean temperature in the periorbital region remains the same within 0.2°C during emotional anxiety. Furthermore, we have shown that it is the high temperature pixels within the periorbital, which increases in numbers by a huge amount after 2 minutes of the onset of anxiety. We have also developed techniques to allow the assessment anxiety without the need of base line information. The method has been tested using a sample size of about 40 subjects, and achieved promising result. Technologies for the remote sensing of heart beat rate has been in great demand, this study also involves the development of heart beat detection using TI system. Moreover, we have also attempted for the first time to sense glucose concentration from the blood sample in-vivo using HSI technique remotely.

This thesis reports a summary of the PhD programme for the assessment of person‘s emotional anxiety using Electro-optical technology. The thesis focuses mainly on the understanding of fundamental properties of physiological responses to emotional anxiety and how they can be captured by using Electro-optical (EO) imaging methods such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and thermal imaging (TI) techniques. The thesis summarises three main areas of work that have been undertaken by the author in the programme: (a) Experimental set up including HSI system and data acquisition software design and implementation, (b) fundamental understanding of physiological responses to emotional anxiety from the EO perspective and (c) the development of a novel remote sensing technique for the assessment of emotions without the requirement of base line information. One of our main results is to provide evidence to prove that the mean temperature in the periorbital region remains the same within 0.2°C during emotional anxiety. Furthermore, we have shown that it is the high temperature pixels within the periorbital, which increases in numbers by a huge amount after 2 minutes of the onset of anxiety. We have also developed techniques to allow the assessment anxiety without the need of base line information. The method has been tested using a sample size of about 40 subjects, and achieved promising result. Technologies for the remote sensing of heart beat rate has been in great demand, this study also involves the development of heart beat detection using TI system. Moreover, we have also attempted for the first time to sense glucose concentration from the blood sample in-vivo using HSI technique remotely. / ©Cranfield University

Um grande número de equipamentos utilizam sistemas ópticos ou eletro-ópticos em suas estruturas, dentre esses equipamentos tem-se os microscópios, telescópios, equipamentos médicos, câmeras de satélites, entre outros. Com isso a necessidade de métodos e ferramentas que auxiliem na determinação do desempenho e da qualidade dos sistemas ópticos é crescente. Um dos métodos mais utilizados para realizar a análise de sistemas ópticos é a determinação da Função de Transferência de Modulação (Modulation Transfer Function - MTF). A MTF representa uma verificação quantitativa e direta da qualidade da imagem, e, além disso, é um teste objetivo que pode ser utilizado em sistemas ópticos concatenados. Esse trabalho apresenta a implementação de um software, denominado de SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), para cálculo da MTF de equipamentos eletro-ópticos. O software foi utilizado para realizar o cálculo da MTF do Retinógrafo Digital, Imageador Termal e Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. A informação da MTF auxilia na análise do alinhamento e medição da qualidade óptica, e também define o limite de resolução dos sistemas ópticos, por meio do gráfico da MTF. Os resultados obtidos, com o Retinógrafo e o Imageador Termal, foram comparados com os valores teóricos adquiridos pelo Zemax, que é um software utilizado para desenvolvimento e análise de lentes ou conjuntos ópticos. Já para o Microscópio os resultados obtidos da MTF foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela MTF medida do Microscópio marca Zeiss, considerado como padrão de qualidade de Microscópios Oftalmológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o software apresentou ótimo desempenho permitindo uma análise direta e objetiva do comportamento de sistemas ópticos. Com auxílio do software foi feito o alinhamento do Retinógrafo Digital e do Imageador Termal e foi verificada a qualidade da imagem do Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. / A number of devices use optics or electro-optics in their structures, such as microscopes, telescopes, medical equipments, satellites cameras, among others. The need for methods and tools that assist in determining the performance and quality of optical systems is increasing. One of the methods most used to perform analysis of optical systems is to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a direct and quantitative verification of the image quality, and moreover, it is an objective test that can be used in concatenated optical systems. This paper presents the implementation of software, called SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), in order to calculate the MTF of electro-optical systems. The software was used for calculating the MTF of Digital Fundus Camera, Thermal Imager and Ophthalmologic Surgery Microscope. The information MTF aids the analysis of alignment and measurement of optical quality, and also defines the limit resolution of optical systems, from the graph of MTF. The results obtained with the Fundus Camera and de Thermal Imager were compared with the theorical values acquired by the Zemax, wich is a software used for analysis and development of optical assemblies or lenses. For the Microscope, the results were compared with MTF measured of Microscope Zeiss model, which is the quality standard of ophthalmological microscope. The results show that the software has a good performance by allowing a straightforward analysis of the behavior of optical systems. With the aid of the software was made to align the Fundus Camera and the Thermal Imager and the image quality of Surgical Microscope Ophthalmology was verified.

Um grande número de equipamentos utilizam sistemas ópticos ou eletro-ópticos em suas estruturas, dentre esses equipamentos tem-se os microscópios, telescópios, equipamentos médicos, câmeras de satélites, entre outros. Com isso a necessidade de métodos e ferramentas que auxiliem na determinação do desempenho e da qualidade dos sistemas ópticos é crescente. Um dos métodos mais utilizados para realizar a análise de sistemas ópticos é a determinação da Função de Transferência de Modulação (Modulation Transfer Function - MTF). A MTF representa uma verificação quantitativa e direta da qualidade da imagem, e, além disso, é um teste objetivo que pode ser utilizado em sistemas ópticos concatenados. Esse trabalho apresenta a implementação de um software, denominado de SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), para cálculo da MTF de equipamentos eletro-ópticos. O software foi utilizado para realizar o cálculo da MTF do Retinógrafo Digital, Imageador Termal e Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. A informação da MTF auxilia na análise do alinhamento e medição da qualidade óptica, e também define o limite de resolução dos sistemas ópticos, por meio do gráfico da MTF. Os resultados obtidos, com o Retinógrafo e o Imageador Termal, foram comparados com os valores teóricos adquiridos pelo Zemax, que é um software utilizado para desenvolvimento e análise de lentes ou conjuntos ópticos. Já para o Microscópio os resultados obtidos da MTF foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela MTF medida do Microscópio marca Zeiss, considerado como padrão de qualidade de Microscópios Oftalmológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o software apresentou ótimo desempenho permitindo uma análise direta e objetiva do comportamento de sistemas ópticos. Com auxílio do software foi feito o alinhamento do Retinógrafo Digital e do Imageador Termal e foi verificada a qualidade da imagem do Microscópio Cirúrgico Oftalmológico. / A number of devices use optics or electro-optics in their structures, such as microscopes, telescopes, medical equipments, satellites cameras, among others. The need for methods and tools that assist in determining the performance and quality of optical systems is increasing. One of the methods most used to perform analysis of optical systems is to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a direct and quantitative verification of the image quality, and moreover, it is an objective test that can be used in concatenated optical systems. This paper presents the implementation of software, called SMTF (Software Modulation Transfer Function), in order to calculate the MTF of electro-optical systems. The software was used for calculating the MTF of Digital Fundus Camera, Thermal Imager and Ophthalmologic Surgery Microscope. The information MTF aids the analysis of alignment and measurement of optical quality, and also defines the limit resolution of optical systems, from the graph of MTF. The results obtained with the Fundus Camera and de Thermal Imager were compared with the theorical values acquired by the Zemax, wich is a software used for analysis and development of optical assemblies or lenses. For the Microscope, the results were compared with MTF measured of Microscope Zeiss model, which is the quality standard of ophthalmological microscope. The results show that the software has a good performance by allowing a straightforward analysis of the behavior of optical systems. With the aid of the software was made to align the Fundus Camera and the Thermal Imager and the image quality of Surgical Microscope Ophthalmology was verified.