International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A broad class of Electro-Optical (E-O) sensors are continually being improved and/or developed for aircraft to assist in performance of such tasks as surveillance, target acquisition, target designation, and weapons delivery. These E-O sensors possess a variety of Electro-Optical links that encompass the spectral region of 0.4 to 14 micrometers. The Radiometric Lab at Edwards Air Force base is tasked to provide instrumentation support for projects that develop, test, and evaluate ground and airborne E-O systems/sensors. The heart of the labs support capability is the Radiometric Analysis and Measurement System (RAMS) and is contained within an all-terrain van. A variety of sub-systems exist within the van to meet support requirements. These include an 8 to 12 micron infrared (IR) imaging system, 4 to 14 micron spectral radiometer, 380 to 1068 nanometer spectral radiometer, 400 to 1800 nanometer imaging camera, 1.064 nd:YAG laser, off-axis collimator with IR and visible light sources, and a weather station. This paper describes the system, its capabilities and limitations, and its application in aircraft sensor evaluation.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-41).

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In recent years, electro-optic polymers have been used to make various optical devices in the telecommunication field due to several advantages, such as large and fast electro-optic (EO) response. Semiconductor nano-crystals promise even higher response speed due to the unique quantum confinement mechanism, and they also show very high EO response because of surface and quantum size effects. Many investigative efforts have been made in the area of semiconductor nano-clusters. These efforts mainly focus on synthesizing high quality particles, and their physical and chemistry properties (luminescence spectra, nonlinear optical, and other effects), but their electro-optic properties and potential uses in devices have not been fully investigated, so there is still much work to do in this aspect. For application of electro-optic polymers in electro-optic devices, the challenges are to develop more stable electro-optic polymers with higher electro-optic coefficients. The electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) technique has many advantages over traditional polymer electro-optic film synthesis processes, such as spin coating. For ESA-generated EO films, no poling field is needed, high orientation of the EO polymer can be obtained which does not degrade with time, so the films can be very stable, and this processing is easily compatible with semiconductor VLSI technology. This is a very attractive technique. The goal of this research is to develop new electro-optic materials by means of ESA techniques and to use them to form improved performance next generation electro-optic devices, with emphasis on two kinds of electro-optic materials: nano-sized II-VI semiconductors (CdS, CdSe), and electro-optic active polymers (chromophores), and their potential use in electro-optic devices. In this research work, II-VI semiconductor nano-clusters have been synthesized, with particle diameters ranging from 4 nm to several tens of nanometers. There is a difference in peak positions of absorption and photo luminescence spectra, related to defects in nano-crystals. Larger CdS particles have larger differences than small CdSe particles. Particle sizes measured by absorption spectrum and by HRTEM methods are very close. Based on quantum mechanical theory, peak spectral shifts as a function of particle size can be predicted, but the theoretical results are typically far from the experimental results, because many complicating factors should be considered. Films fabricated by ESA have much stronger absorption than spin coated films, and exhibit a slight blue shift in peak position wavelength. Photo luminescence spectra also show a blue shift for ESA films with respect to spun films. Polymeric electro-optic films were also fabricated by the ESA technique. Effects due to applying an external electrical field during the ESA process on film growth and properties have also been investigated. Peak position, optical density and wavelength at maximum absorption, all increase with the number of bilayers, and films made under external fields have lower absorption and peak wavelength than those of films fabricated without an external field. These results are related to the order parameter, and indicate that molecule alignment can be improved by the application of an external field during the process of ESA film growth. CdSe nano-clusters have a much higher electro-optic coefficient than their bulk crystal counterparts. In comparison with polymers, they have totally different origins in their electro-optic effects. For both nano-cluster-and chromophore based ESA films, electro-optic coefficients are hi gher than those of spin-coated films, and no poling voltage is needed. The reasons have been fully discussed. This result means that the ESA technique is effective to align and hold the dipoles in films and to intensify the electro-optic effect. CdSe quantum dots need 17. 5 ms to complete their physical orientation due to a rotation of the permanent dipole moment. Therefore, at lower frequencies (<100Hz), electro-optic modulation mainly stems from the orientation of the permanent dipole moment. At frequencies higher than 100 Hz, the electro-optic modulation mainly arises from the induced dipole moment orientation and pure electron movement. The ratio of the electro-optic coefficients r333/r113 > 3. This means that ESA films cannot be treated as an ideal isotropic system with the C v symmetry, and interactions should be considered. Quadratic Kerr electro-optic coefficients have a similar frequency dependence to that of the linear electro-optic coefficients r333 and r113. This indicates that the orientational distribution of the CdSe quantum dots particularly contributes to the quadratic electro-optic modulation. From the FT-IR measurement of the films, proton irradiation can break the N=N double bonding in pi-conjugated bridges, leading to damage of the conjugating structure, so causing a decrease of the EO coefficient. But the thermal and temporal stability of ESA films are much better than those of spin coated films; this is a significant feature of ESA technique. The effect of an external field and film thickness on the optical and electro-optic properties of ESA films has been investigated. Electro-optic coefficient decreases with thickness. Electrical field influences the electronic states of the chromophores. Based on the properties of electro-optic films, the applications of polymer and nano-cluster electro-optic films are discussed. A nano-cluster CdSe electro-optic film has a higher refractive index than the PS-119 polymer film, and these values they are much lower than that of semiconductor wafers, but slightly higher than optical silica glasses. Accordingly optical silica glasses are the ideal substrates for those films. By analysis, the cutoff thickness was determined, which defines the minimum film thickness required for light propagation. For channel waveguides, the aspect ratio w/t, w, and t are determined versus the refractive index of the electro-optic films. Modulator beam length and modulation index were discussed, for high speed operation. Modulator beam length should be carefully chosen to obtain high modulation index; similarly important is the refractive index match between core, substrate, and cladding layers. For high speed operation, traveling wave electrode designs were considered, based on effective refractive index and impedance matching. The effective dielectric constant and characteristic impedance as a function of electrode configuration (sizes) were diagramed, and this served as a basic design suggestion for traveling wave electrodes. / Ph. D.

Electrostatic self-assembly was used to fabricate several samples of polymers known to have non-linear optical behavior. These samples characteristics were measured with interferometry and their electro-optic coefficients determined to be on the order that of LiNbO3. The self-assembled samples are shown to have an enhanced polar order compared to that of more traditional poled polymers. Furthermore, this polar order is intrinsic and thus doesn't require electric field poling and does not decay with time. The self-assembly process is therefore shown to possess great potential for the fabrication of high-speed electro-optic modulators for commercial and military applications. / Master of Science

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Terahertz (THz) has become a strong area for scientific research and commercial application in recent years. This research group has redesigned and optimized a THz photoconductive antenna, which currently operates with approximately 10x the power of a commercial antenna. It has been determined by this research that the THz signal emitted from a photoconductive antenna consists of coherent and incoherent signals. In addition to the improvement of the THz photoconductive antenna, I have optimized an electro optic THz detection system by characterizing the field dependency of an electro optic crystal, which enabled me to estimate the THz electric field strength. The high power THz source and optimized detection system were combined into a high power, high resolution time domain THz spectrometer. This spectrometer was used to conduct original measurements of the THz spectrum of water vapor, ionized air, and various chemical vapor including explosives. Most of these measurements were only possible with our improved THz spectrometer. In order to understand ionized air, an additional study was carried out to explore the ionization of several gases (e.g. N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and water vapor) which were ionized by radioactive isotopes. This unique study found that in addition to dose rate, the gamma energy of the radioactive isotopes and the sequential ionization levels of gases affect the equilibrium ion densities of these gases. This effect was especially pronounced for argon gas. The study of ion dynamics in gases has lead to the development of a prototype for stand-off detection and identification of radioactive isotopes. This prototype, despite being simple in design, can detect isotopes faster and more cheaply than a conventional gamma ray spectrometer. Throughout this thesis research I have successfully developed a high power, high resolution terahertz spectrometer and demonstrated that with the spectrometer I could identify characteristic resonances of water vapor, some chemicals including explosives, and even ionized air produced by nuclear isotopes. From the characteristic resonance frequencies one can understand the underlying physics or chemistry of molecules or atoms. / Physics