The electromagnetic machines like the dc, induction, synchronous motor/generator and the transformer have an energy flow framework that is similar. All these machines deal with electrical energy in the electrical domain that is interfaced with the magnetic domain. Except for the transformer, the other machines also have one more energy interface i.e. with the mechanical domain. In all these machines, the magnetic domain acts as the silent energy manager. The electrical and the mechanical domain energies will have to pass through the magnetic domain and appropriately get routed. In recognition of the commonality of this pattern of energy flow, this thesis proposes a generalised model of a multiphase electromagnetic device wherein the dc machine, induction machine, synchronous machine and the transformers are special cases of the proposed generalised model. This is derived using bond graphs that is based on the underlining principle of Energy Flow rooted in the concept of Conservation of Energy. A model is a set of mathematical equations representing a physical system. A model is as good as a modeller understanding of the physical system and the underlying approximation he makes while writing down the equations describing the models behaviour to the stimulus. A modelling language tool, which can cut down the approximations made by using the power of identified analogous characteristics across the physical domain, can help make a model more close to real life situation. Bond Graph is such a modelling language which is powerful enough to model the non-linear, multi-disciplinary, hybrid continuous-discrete phenomena encountered in a real life physical system. Bond graphs as a modelling tool was introduced by Professor H.Paynter at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959. The Bond Graph methodology is based on consideration of energy flows between the ports of the components of an engineering system. Bond Graph methodology enables one to develop a graphical model that is consistent with the first principle of energy conservation without having the need to start with establishing and reformulating equations. The derivation of a mathematical model from the graphical description is automated by software tools. As a consequence, a modeller using this methodology can focus on modelling of the physical system. In the graphical representation of bond graph the vertices of a bond graph denote subsystems, system components or elements, while the edges, called power bonds, represent energy flows between them. The nodes of a bond graph have power ports where energy can enter or exit. Bond graph models are developed in a hierarchical top-down or bottom-up approach by using component models or elements from model libraries. An electromagnetic machine is a black box having an assemblage of windings in iron resulting in a combination of input/output ports on shaft and electrical terminals. Abstraction of an machine model by a modeller matching the vision of the observer above is an ideal goal. Bond graph methodology is an appropriate tool for trying to reach this goal as it is based on object oriented modelling techniques. There have been few attempts to model electric machine in bond graph earlier. A well established DC motor bond graph has been widely used in all bond graph literature. But AC rotating machine being a higher order nonlinear system poses a tougher challenge. Here too, there have been few attempts in modelling AC machines. It is observed that majority of AC machine bond graph models have been built up from their mathematical models. But as the bond graph modelling technique is based on the unifying theory of energy exchange, better insight into the system is achievable if the model is conceptualised from its physical structure. This thesis starts from the basic theory of energy port to conceptualise the generalised model from physical correspondence. In this thesis a Rotating Electrical Machine is studied as a physical system. The energy ports inside this physical system is identified. When a physical system receives the energy through its energy port in one energy cycle, it processes this energy in one of the three ways. The received energy is converted into useful work or it is dissipated or stored. The storage can further be classified into two ways, either as kinetic energy or as potential energy. For a rotating electric machine the input-output port for energy exchange are either in electrical or mechanical domain depending on the class of the machine. The magnetic domain across all class of electromagnetic device acts as the energy manager. In order to capture the features of the energy jumping across the air gap in a rotating electrical machine, wherein the magnetic fields from spatially distributed windings of the stator and rotor interplay, an Axis Rotator (AR) element -a mathematical commutator, is introduced in this thesis as a new bond graph element. In a multiphase device, the energy from the various phases and spatial axes are transferred through the axis rotator element. The Axis Rotator is a critical element which helps distinguish between the various classes of electromagnetic devices. The defining features of the Axis Rotator helps in deriving the various special electromagnetic devices (such as the dc machine, induction machine, synchronous machine and the transformer) from the generalised model. The Axis Rotator exists in the magnetic domain. It naturally inherits the characteristics of the magnetic domain. The Axis Rotator as a bond graph element is complex. In a specific case of 3φ Induction Motor an alternative bond graph model with all integral elements is developed. By one to one correspondence with the AR bond graph model, the inner component of ’AR’ can be identified. Another advantage of using this model is that saturable and non-saturable magnetic permeance can be separated out, a useful feature in the nonlinear model discussed next. One of the most distinguishing features of the magnetic domain is the existence of Magnetic Hysteresis. Magnetic Hysteresis is a well understood and studied subject. But this physical process is wilfully ignored by the modelling community at large. The main reason for this is the difficulty of modelling a nonlinear phenomena. The bond graph modelling naturally allows the inclusion of such non-idealities within its framework. This thesis proposes the generalised model along with the inclusion of magnetic non-linearities and non-idealities into the model of the system. This inherent strength of bond graph model flows from the fact that the models in bond graph are developed from the first principles of energy conversation and the mathematical equations are derived later from the evolved graph. The tools that are available for bond graph simulation are not adequate for power electronics systems. The existing tools do not address space vectors and frame transformations. As a consequence it is difficult to simulate the electromagnetic device models developed in this thesis. The need for a bond graph tool to address vectors and frame transformations, a common occurrence in electric machines dynamic model study was acutely felt. This necessitated a support for handling complex data class from the underlying mathematical engine of the software. MATLAB/Simulink is the commonly available mathematical tool which has a support for complex variables. Therefore during the course of this research work a new software tool box was developed which meets the need of electromagnetic machines in particular and other engineering domains in general. For developing the new bond graph simulation software, the language extender approach was chosen, as it combines the capabilities of existing popular mathematical engine with its tested graphical frontend and the flexibility of combining different modelling technique like bond graph, block diagram, equations etc. It also ensures portability as they are compiled by interpreted language compiler of the mathematical engine and are thus independent of the computer operating system. C-MEX S-function methodology was used to develop the software as it has access to lower level functions and methods of the underlying mathematical engine. This helps in speeding up the software execution time alongwith the flexibility in defining new complex elements like the Nonlinear Axis Rotator. In conclusion, this thesis makes the following contributions: (i) The Axis rotator concept to handle space vectors and frame transformations, (ii) generalised model of the electromagnetic device, (iii) introduction of the saturation and hysteresis non-linearity in the magnetic domain, (iv) development of the bond graph toolbox to handle vector and frame transformations.

A dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento e testes de um conversor eletromagnético de 3 para 5 fases, sendo inicialmente avaliadas configurações conhecidas usando vários tipos de ligações. Foi desenvolvido um modelo baseado em resistências e indutâncias próprias e mútuas, para as quais caminhos de fluxo magnético através do núcleo de aço silício e também através do ar em torno dos enrolamentos foram considerados. Com base no modelo desenvolvido e nos resultados das simulações realizadas com o modelo, na sequência, foi projetado e construído um protótipo. O projeto levou em conta aspectos como equilíbrio de tensão nos secundários sob carga, aproveitamento do material dos enrolamentos e do núcleo, assim como a facilidade de conexão dos enrolamentos. Para as simulações do modelo utilizou-se o software Micro- Cap, tendo sido avaliado o equilíbrio nas tensões de saída do conversor sob carga equilibrada e desequilibrada, além de avaliar seu comportamento diante de falhas (abertura) de uma das fases da carga dos secundários. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com os ensaios realizados no protótipo utilizando cargas resistivas e também um motor de indução pentafásico, tendo sido observada uma boa concordância entre ambos. Para as cargas resistivas utilizadas nos ensaios, as tensões ficaram muito próximas da simulação, mantendo as tensões nos secundários dentro de níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio. Contudo, na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga, o nível de desequilíbrio de tensão apresentou-se acima do aceitável. Já para o motor de indução pentafásico utilizado nos ensaios, as tensões nos secundários apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio, mesmo na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga e independente da conexão dos enrolamentos primários. Finalmente, a indução no núcleo do conversor foi avaliada, sendo que em todos os ensaios e simulações, os valores máximos nas colunas do transformador não ultrapassaram os limites projetados, mostrando que não houve efeitos significativos de saturação e assim mantendo níveis aceitáveis de perdas no ferro. / This work addresses the development and test of an electromagnetic converter which can convert a three-phase system into a five-phase system. Initially, known configurations are evaluated which use several different types of connections. A prototype was designed and built considering aspects such as (1) voltage balanced under load on the secondary side, (2) utilization of the conductor and core material, and (3) difficulty to connect the windings. In order to evaluate the performance of the converter, a model was developed which is based on resistances, self inductance, and mutual inductances; for the determination of these inductances, the flux paths through the yokes and also through the air space surrounding the windings have been considered, besides the iron characteristic. The model was implemented using the software Micro-Cap, being assessed the voltage balance on the secondary side under balanced and also unbalanced load; in addition, the performance was evaluated under the occurrence of a fault on the secondary side (loss of one phase). The results obtained through simulations were compared with practical results measured on the prototype connected to a resistive load and also to a five-phase induction machine, being a good agreement between both results observed. For the resistive loads used during the tests, the voltages were very close to the predicted values, being the output voltages within an acceptable level of unbalance. However, for the operation under fault in one phase, the secondary voltages showed not acceptable unbalance. For the operation of the induction machine, the secondary voltages showed acceptable unbalance, even for the operation under fault and for all types of connection on the primary side. Finally, the induction in the magnetic yokes of the converter was investigated; in all tests and simulations, the maximal values in the magnetic parts did not surpass the design limits, ensuring that no significant saturation effects took place and thus keeping the magnetic losses within acceptable limits.

A dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento e testes de um conversor eletromagnético de 3 para 5 fases, sendo inicialmente avaliadas configurações conhecidas usando vários tipos de ligações. Foi desenvolvido um modelo baseado em resistências e indutâncias próprias e mútuas, para as quais caminhos de fluxo magnético através do núcleo de aço silício e também através do ar em torno dos enrolamentos foram considerados. Com base no modelo desenvolvido e nos resultados das simulações realizadas com o modelo, na sequência, foi projetado e construído um protótipo. O projeto levou em conta aspectos como equilíbrio de tensão nos secundários sob carga, aproveitamento do material dos enrolamentos e do núcleo, assim como a facilidade de conexão dos enrolamentos. Para as simulações do modelo utilizou-se o software Micro- Cap, tendo sido avaliado o equilíbrio nas tensões de saída do conversor sob carga equilibrada e desequilibrada, além de avaliar seu comportamento diante de falhas (abertura) de uma das fases da carga dos secundários. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com os ensaios realizados no protótipo utilizando cargas resistivas e também um motor de indução pentafásico, tendo sido observada uma boa concordância entre ambos. Para as cargas resistivas utilizadas nos ensaios, as tensões ficaram muito próximas da simulação, mantendo as tensões nos secundários dentro de níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio. Contudo, na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga, o nível de desequilíbrio de tensão apresentou-se acima do aceitável. Já para o motor de indução pentafásico utilizado nos ensaios, as tensões nos secundários apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio, mesmo na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga e independente da conexão dos enrolamentos primários. Finalmente, a indução no núcleo do conversor foi avaliada, sendo que em todos os ensaios e simulações, os valores máximos nas colunas do transformador não ultrapassaram os limites projetados, mostrando que não houve efeitos significativos de saturação e assim mantendo níveis aceitáveis de perdas no ferro. / This work addresses the development and test of an electromagnetic converter which can convert a three-phase system into a five-phase system. Initially, known configurations are evaluated which use several different types of connections. A prototype was designed and built considering aspects such as (1) voltage balanced under load on the secondary side, (2) utilization of the conductor and core material, and (3) difficulty to connect the windings. In order to evaluate the performance of the converter, a model was developed which is based on resistances, self inductance, and mutual inductances; for the determination of these inductances, the flux paths through the yokes and also through the air space surrounding the windings have been considered, besides the iron characteristic. The model was implemented using the software Micro-Cap, being assessed the voltage balance on the secondary side under balanced and also unbalanced load; in addition, the performance was evaluated under the occurrence of a fault on the secondary side (loss of one phase). The results obtained through simulations were compared with practical results measured on the prototype connected to a resistive load and also to a five-phase induction machine, being a good agreement between both results observed. For the resistive loads used during the tests, the voltages were very close to the predicted values, being the output voltages within an acceptable level of unbalance. However, for the operation under fault in one phase, the secondary voltages showed not acceptable unbalance. For the operation of the induction machine, the secondary voltages showed acceptable unbalance, even for the operation under fault and for all types of connection on the primary side. Finally, the induction in the magnetic yokes of the converter was investigated; in all tests and simulations, the maximal values in the magnetic parts did not surpass the design limits, ensuring that no significant saturation effects took place and thus keeping the magnetic losses within acceptable limits.

A dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento e testes de um conversor eletromagnético de 3 para 5 fases, sendo inicialmente avaliadas configurações conhecidas usando vários tipos de ligações. Foi desenvolvido um modelo baseado em resistências e indutâncias próprias e mútuas, para as quais caminhos de fluxo magnético através do núcleo de aço silício e também através do ar em torno dos enrolamentos foram considerados. Com base no modelo desenvolvido e nos resultados das simulações realizadas com o modelo, na sequência, foi projetado e construído um protótipo. O projeto levou em conta aspectos como equilíbrio de tensão nos secundários sob carga, aproveitamento do material dos enrolamentos e do núcleo, assim como a facilidade de conexão dos enrolamentos. Para as simulações do modelo utilizou-se o software Micro- Cap, tendo sido avaliado o equilíbrio nas tensões de saída do conversor sob carga equilibrada e desequilibrada, além de avaliar seu comportamento diante de falhas (abertura) de uma das fases da carga dos secundários. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com os ensaios realizados no protótipo utilizando cargas resistivas e também um motor de indução pentafásico, tendo sido observada uma boa concordância entre ambos. Para as cargas resistivas utilizadas nos ensaios, as tensões ficaram muito próximas da simulação, mantendo as tensões nos secundários dentro de níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio. Contudo, na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga, o nível de desequilíbrio de tensão apresentou-se acima do aceitável. Já para o motor de indução pentafásico utilizado nos ensaios, as tensões nos secundários apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de desequilíbrio, mesmo na operação sob falha em uma das fases da carga e independente da conexão dos enrolamentos primários. Finalmente, a indução no núcleo do conversor foi avaliada, sendo que em todos os ensaios e simulações, os valores máximos nas colunas do transformador não ultrapassaram os limites projetados, mostrando que não houve efeitos significativos de saturação e assim mantendo níveis aceitáveis de perdas no ferro. / This work addresses the development and test of an electromagnetic converter which can convert a three-phase system into a five-phase system. Initially, known configurations are evaluated which use several different types of connections. A prototype was designed and built considering aspects such as (1) voltage balanced under load on the secondary side, (2) utilization of the conductor and core material, and (3) difficulty to connect the windings. In order to evaluate the performance of the converter, a model was developed which is based on resistances, self inductance, and mutual inductances; for the determination of these inductances, the flux paths through the yokes and also through the air space surrounding the windings have been considered, besides the iron characteristic. The model was implemented using the software Micro-Cap, being assessed the voltage balance on the secondary side under balanced and also unbalanced load; in addition, the performance was evaluated under the occurrence of a fault on the secondary side (loss of one phase). The results obtained through simulations were compared with practical results measured on the prototype connected to a resistive load and also to a five-phase induction machine, being a good agreement between both results observed. For the resistive loads used during the tests, the voltages were very close to the predicted values, being the output voltages within an acceptable level of unbalance. However, for the operation under fault in one phase, the secondary voltages showed not acceptable unbalance. For the operation of the induction machine, the secondary voltages showed acceptable unbalance, even for the operation under fault and for all types of connection on the primary side. Finally, the induction in the magnetic yokes of the converter was investigated; in all tests and simulations, the maximal values in the magnetic parts did not surpass the design limits, ensuring that no significant saturation effects took place and thus keeping the magnetic losses within acceptable limits.