Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Villar_FernandaSpada_M.pdf: 4737992 bytes, checksum: 3ce0cbb4f82fc2a7fd54013a9d3724f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho a propagação de transitórios de tensão dentro de uma rede coletora de parques eólicos marítimos foi estudada. Foram analisados especificamente os transitórios de tensão originados durante a energização do parque eólico, e foi modelado o efeito dos múltiplos pontos de reflexão na composição da forma de onda da sobretensão transitória. O momento de energização desperta interesse pois todos os transformadores localizados nos topos das torres, por estarem descarregados, se comportam como um ponto de circuito aberto, refletindo de volta para a rede 100% de qualquer onda de tensão viajante que incide sobre ele. As configurações de rede coletora escolhidas foram as comumente utilizadas em Parques Eólicos Marítimos atualmente pela Europa. Ainda, uma topologia alternativa que emprega a rede de cabos em estrela foi estudada. Para validação dos estudos analíticos e da modelagem desenvolvida foi utilizado o software PSCAD. A análise numérica dos coeficientes de reflexão e refração nos nós da rede coletora e de seu efeito na propagação dos transientes em questão mostrou que o efeito atenuador resultante de refrações consecutivas dentro da rede, no caso do coeficiente de refração menor que 1, tem grande importância, chegando a anular o efeito amplificador da interferência construtiva, decorrente da existência de múltiplos pontos de reflexão / Abstract: In this dissertation, the propagation of voltage transients inside a collection grid of Offshore Wind Parks (composed by cables) is studied. Mainly the transients generated during the WP energizing are analyzed, and the effect of the multiple reflection points in the composition of the overvoltage is modeled. The energizing moment is a special case to study because all the transformers at the towers top, being unloaded, behave like an open circuit and reflect 100% of the incident voltage travelling waves back to the grid. The grid configurations chosen are the commonly used in modern Offshore Wind Parks in Europe. Also an alternative layout, that uses the cables in a star grid, is studied. In order to validate the theory developed, simulations were made using the software PSCAD. The numerical analysis of the reflection and refraction coefficients in every node of the collection grid and its effect in the voltage transient's propagation showed that the attenuation effect, as a result of the consecutive refractions inside the grid in the cases where the refraction coefficient is smaller than 1, is important enough to cancel the amplification effect of the constructive interference, that happens due to the multiple reflection points. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Em telecomunicações é utilizada uma grande variedade de modelos de propagação para prever a intensidade do sinal de recepção num enlace de rádio. Os resultados dos modelos empíricos e dos modelos baseados em simplificações do problema eletromagnético apresentam, em geral, grande discrepância entre si, na análise do fenômeno de propagação. Por exemplo, o modelo de dois raios, que prevê atenuação de enlace com variação de 40 dB/década, na região de campo distante da antena de transmissão, quando colocada a uma certa altura da superfície de um solo condutor perfeito. Já o modelo empírico de Okumura-Hata exibe, para as mesmas condições geométricas, mas para solo de condutividade finita, uma variação da atenuação de enlace de 30 dB/década. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma calibração do modelo de dois raios para aumentar sua aderência aos resultados obtidos por Okumura-Hata num cenário real na faixa de frequências de 450MHz a 1900MHz para comprimentos de enlace entre 1 km e 20 km. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo proposto são comparados com os obtidos através de outros modelos apresentando boa aderência verificada através de uma comparação numérica particularmente com o modelo Okumura-Hata. / In telecommunications, there is a large variety of propagation models in order to predict the intensity of the receiving signal in a communication link. The empirical models and the models based on simplifications of the electromagnetic problem with theoretically obtained results show, in general, a significant disagreement, for the same propagation phenomenon. For example two-ray model predicts a path-loss of 40 dB/decade in the far-field region of a transmission antenna deployed at a certain height of the surface of a perfect conducting soil. On the other hand, the Okumura-Hata empirical model shows, for the same geometrical conditions, bur for a real soil, a path-loss of 30 dB/decade. This work proposes a calibration of the Two-Ray model for better adherence to the results obtained by Okumura-Hata in a real scenario for the frequency range 450MHz to 1900MHz and for a radio link length of 1 km to 20 km. The results obtained with the proposed model are compared with other model results showing good adherence through numeric comparison, in particular with the Okumura - Hata model.

Em telecomunicações é utilizada uma grande variedade de modelos de propagação para prever a intensidade do sinal de recepção num enlace de rádio. Os resultados dos modelos empíricos e dos modelos baseados em simplificações do problema eletromagnético apresentam, em geral, grande discrepância entre si, na análise do fenômeno de propagação. Por exemplo, o modelo de dois raios, que prevê atenuação de enlace com variação de 40 dB/década, na região de campo distante da antena de transmissão, quando colocada a uma certa altura da superfície de um solo condutor perfeito. Já o modelo empírico de Okumura-Hata exibe, para as mesmas condições geométricas, mas para solo de condutividade finita, uma variação da atenuação de enlace de 30 dB/década. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma calibração do modelo de dois raios para aumentar sua aderência aos resultados obtidos por Okumura-Hata num cenário real na faixa de frequências de 450MHz a 1900MHz para comprimentos de enlace entre 1 km e 20 km. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo proposto são comparados com os obtidos através de outros modelos apresentando boa aderência verificada através de uma comparação numérica particularmente com o modelo Okumura-Hata. / In telecommunications, there is a large variety of propagation models in order to predict the intensity of the receiving signal in a communication link. The empirical models and the models based on simplifications of the electromagnetic problem with theoretically obtained results show, in general, a significant disagreement, for the same propagation phenomenon. For example two-ray model predicts a path-loss of 40 dB/decade in the far-field region of a transmission antenna deployed at a certain height of the surface of a perfect conducting soil. On the other hand, the Okumura-Hata empirical model shows, for the same geometrical conditions, bur for a real soil, a path-loss of 30 dB/decade. This work proposes a calibration of the Two-Ray model for better adherence to the results obtained by Okumura-Hata in a real scenario for the frequency range 450MHz to 1900MHz and for a radio link length of 1 km to 20 km. The results obtained with the proposed model are compared with other model results showing good adherence through numeric comparison, in particular with the Okumura - Hata model.

La thèse, dont le sujet est "Modélisation de la propagation électromagnétique en milieux à gradient d'indice basée sur les faisceaux gaussiens - Application à la propagation en atmosphère réaliste et à la radio-occultation entre satellites" a été commencée le 2 décembre 2013, au Département ÉlectroMagnétisme et Radar (DEMR) de l'Onera de Toulouse et avec le laboratoire LAPLACE de l'Université Paul Sabatier. Elle est co-financée par l'ONERA et par la Région Midi-Pyrénées. L'encadrement a été assuré par Jérôme Sokoloff (Laplace/UPS, directeur de thèse), Alexandre Chabory (ENAC, co-directeur) et Vincent Fabbro (ONERA). L'École Doctorale est l' "École Doctorale Génie Électrique, Électronique, Télécommunications : du système au nanosystème". Le faisceau gaussien a été principalement utilisé dans la recherche scientifique afin d'étudier les systèmes optiques tels que les lasers. Des études plus rares et plus récentes ont proposé de l'utiliser pour modéliser la propagation des ondes sismiques. Ses propriétés spatiales et spectrales ont amené certains auteurs à étudier son utilisation dans des modèles de propagation atmosphériques. Cette thèse a consisté à développer un modèle, appelé GBAR (Gaussian Beam for Atmospheric Refraction), de propagation troposphérique réaliste et déterministe en utilisant le formalisme des faisceaux gaussiens. La démarche adoptée a consisté à reprendre les équations fondamentales introduites par Cerveny et Popov décrivant de façon itérative la propagation d'un faisceau gaussien en milieu inhomogène, sous hypothèse de haute fréquence (modèle asymptotique). De nouvelles équations ont été développées à partir d'elles pour obtenir une description analytique de la propagation d'un faisceau gaussien dans un milieu troposphérique décrit par les variations spatiales de l'indice de réfraction. L'hypothèse de base pour l'obtention de la formulation analytique est que le gradient de l'indice de réfraction peut être considéré vertical et constant au voisinage du faisceau. Les équations analytiques pour la description de la propagation d'un seul faisceau ont ensuite été étendues à la modélisation d'un champ quelconque dans un milieu troposphérique pouvant contenir de fortes variations du gradient d'indice, y compris des inversions de gradient. Ceci a été réalisé en couplant les équations analytiques avec la procédure de décomposition multi-faisceaux développée dans sa thèse pas Alexandre Chabory. Le modèle GBAR a été validé dans des milieux troposphériques réalistes issus de simulations du modèle météo méso-échelle WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). Dans un troisième temps, le modèle a été utilisé pour simuler des inversions de données de radio-occultation. Des outils existent pour fournir un modèle d'interprétation de ces données pour estimer les propriétés physiques de l'atmosphère à partir des mesures en phase, amplitude, Doppler et délai des signaux GNSS transmis entre satellites en orbite autour de la Terre / The subject of this PhD thesis is " Electromagnetic propagation modeling in inhomogeneous media with refractive index gradients based on Gaussian beams - Application to realistic atmospheric propagation and radio occultation between satellites ". The study started on december 2nd, 2013 at the DEMR (Département Électromagnétisme et Radar) department of the ONERA research laboratory, in Toulouse, France. It was funded both by the ONERA and Région Midi-Pyrénées. It was supervised by Jérôme Sokoloff (LAPLACE/UPS, thesis director), Alexandre Chabory (ENAC, thesis co-director) and Vincent Fabbro (ONERA). The doctoral school was "École Doctorale Génie Électrique, Électronique, Télécommunications : du système au nanosystème ". The Gaussian beam was mostly used in scientific investigations to study optical systems such as lasers. Rarer and more recent works suggested the use of the Gaussian beam formalism in order to model the propagation of seismic waves. The properties of the Gaussian beam also led some authors to develop models for atmospheric propagation. In this thesis a model based on Gaussian beams called GBAR (Gaussian Beam for Atmospheric Refraction) was developped for tropospheric propagation in realistic and deterministic conditions. The scientific approach consisted in rewritting the fundamental equations introduced by Cerveny and Popov describing iteratively the propagation of a Gaussian beam in inhomogeneous media, under the high-frequency assumption (asymptotic model). New equations were derived from them in order to get analytical equations of the propagation of a Gaussian beam in inhomogeneous media described by the variations of the refractive index. The basic assumption under to get the analytical equations is to consider that the refractive index gradient is vertical and constant around the beam axis. The analytical equations that describe the propagation of a Gaussian beam were extended to model the propagation of an arbitrary field in a tropospheric medium with strong variations and inversions of the refractive index. This was done by coupling the analytical equations with the multibeam expansion procedure developped by Alexandre Chabory in his PhD thesis. The GBAR model was validated in tropospheric conditions, using refractive index grids from the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) mesoscale meteorological model. In the third and final phase, the GBAR model was used to simulate Radio Occultation data inversions. Tools exist to allow for interpretations of Radio Occultation data in order to estimate the physical properties of the atmosphere from measured phased, amplitude, Doppler shift and delay of GNSS signals transmitted between satellites orbiting around the Earth