The pelvic floor muscles (PFM) form the base of the abdominal canister, and like the other muscle groups around the canister, the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, they contribute to and are affected by pressures within the canister. But they also have a role in organ support and continence. In urinary incontinence, clinical rehabilitation has targeted the PFM in isolation. It aims to build up strength and endurance of these muscles, but without consideration of the influence of intra-abdominal pressure, and therefore the co-ordination of muscles that generate that pressure, on PFM activity. Strengthening of the PFM has not resolved incontinence for all women, and the benefits are not sustained in the long term. Thus consideration of factors beyond the pelvic floor (PF) may lead to better outcomes for rehabilitation in both the short and long term. Thus these studies aimed to investigate the influences of abdominal muscle activity and spinal posture on the recruitment of the PFM. The studies firstly investigated the association between the abdominal and PFM during voluntary tasks. Further studies examined the effect of automatic recruitment of the PFM and the abdominal muscles with postural disturbances and changes in spinal posture, and whether there was a difference in recruitment between layers of the PFM complex during function. Electromyographic (EMG) studies, using fine wire and/or surface electrodes, were performed to record patterns of muscle activity, while, in selected studies, this was accompanied by pressures recorded within the stomach, urethra, bladder, vagina, anus and rectum, to monitor the effects of the striated muscle activity on intra-abdominal pressure and urethral function. When the PFM were voluntarily contracted in healthy women, there was a co-ordinated response in all the abdominal muscles, which varied with the position of the lumbar spine. Conversely, when the lower abdominal muscles were drawn in towards the spine there was an increase in IAP, urethral pressure and PFM EMG activity. Relaxation of the abdominal muscles and bulging of the relaxed abdominal wall decreased PFM activity and urethral pressure below their resting baselines. Thus, voluntary activation of the abdominal or PFM influences activity in the other muscle group. Other studies investigated the automatic responses of abdominal and PFM during breathing, postural perturbation, sitting and coughing. Quiet breathing was associated with modulation of PFM EMG with greater activity during expiration than inspiration, in association with variations in abdominal muscle activity. Hypercapnoea accentuated these results. Postural perturbations generated co-activation of the PF and abdominal muscles before the onset of deltoid activity with sustained activity through out repeated arm movements. Changes in spinal posture also affected PFM activity. Like the abdominal muscles, PFM were less active when sitting in a slumped position. Similar changes occurred in women with stress urinary incontinence but with lower pelvic floor muscle activity levels. Women with stress urinary incontinence also had less lordosis of the lumbar spine in upright sitting and a trend for greater superficial abdominal muscle activity than continent women. Activity of the superficial, but not deep, PFM during coughing, was affected by different sitting postures, with greater activity during coughing in slumped than in upright postures. Different breathing patterns and changes in posture also affected IAP and abdominal muscle recruitment patterns during coughing. Investigation of PFM activity during functional tasks indicates that factors beyond the PF influence its activity. The findings from these studies indicate that PFM activity is inter-related with spinal posture and abdominal muscle activity. While most of these studies were conducted in healthy women, there are a number of different types of PF problems in women, in which the mechanics of the dysfunction differ from stress urinary incontinence. PFM activity has not been investigated in all types of PF dysfunction. The findings of co-ordinated recruitment of the abdominal and PFM and the effect of spinal posture on PFM function provide some evidence that PFM rehabilitation should not be undertaken in isolation, and that there is a likely advantage from exercising with a neutral lumbar spine. There is a need for further investigation of this co-ordinated muscle recruitment in subjects with different types of dysfunction, not just stress urinary incontinence. Findings from such investigations could then point the way forward to improved rehabilitation methods for people with problems, and more suitable methods of maintaining pelvic floor health.

The Dissertation is concerned with monitoring of changes regarding muscle involvement in specific areas of human motion system when walking and Nordic walking (NW) with focus on adults and by means of electromyography method. Within the process of field testing there were 9 randomly selected individuals at the age of 50 - 60 tested to elicit differences in the motion system. There was an effort to find certain differences within involvement of specific muscle groups in the area of shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and lower limbs and retrieval of similarities of coordination attributes concerning locomotion at horizontal presented by paradigm of kinesiological content of reflexive crawling according to Vojta's principle. Kinematic analyses was used to discover a difference in involvement of specific muscles between Nordic (v = 5 kph) and regular walking (v = 4, 75 kph) up to 10˚ of ascent. Muscles where their MVC was diagnosed the difference in individual muscle involvement was monitored expressed in percentage. The values found were consequently related to their referential value of MVC and tested by means of Wilcoxon test for dependent selection. Muscles where MVC value was not diagnosed the intraindividual comparative analyses of activation muscle pair similarity was carried out on the grounds of...

I ABSTRACT Title: Kinesiological analysis of upper limb punch strike in sports karate. Aim of work: The aim of this thesis to describe and characterize the muscle involement in direct punch strike in karate. Then compared with the exercises, which are characteristic to karate - strikes with resistence and push-up exercise. Methods: Work is processed by a comparative analysis of selected movements based on the determination of muscle activation. The surface electromyography method synchronized with video and accelerometer was used in this work. Results: The result is describtion of selcted movements on the basis of muscle activation and function of selected muscles. The prove that the forearm extensors are activated as the last of the selcted muscles was managed. On the basis of karate technique and anatomy we confirmed important role of forearm extensor by direct punch in karate. The difference between onset time muscle activation by strikes and push up was found. Maximum speed of acral part of the upper limb by direct punch was established. Keywords: Electromyography (EMG), karate, direct punch - gyakucuki, accelrometer

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22578号 / 情博第715号 / 新制||情||123(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 守屋 和幸, 教授 吉川 正俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The Master’s thesis describes electromyographic methods and it is focused on one of them - myofeedback. There are described principle, realization and application of myofeedback in this thesis. There is explained positive influence of using therapeutic games in therapeutic process. The diploma thesis deals with a realization and description of MFB-Amos apllication which allows to upgrade an electromyograph by myofeedback enabling of using the therapeutic games. Application allows measure of EMG signal and consecutive analysis, and offers three therapeutic games.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP and oVEMP) in young gender- and age-matched black African and Caucasian male and female adults. Design: A quasi-experimental between-subjects research design was utilised. This study was comparative in nature, thus data was collected in a cross-sectional manner from two age- and gender-matched racial groups, namely black African and Caucasian, and compared. Furthermore, interactions of gender and race were also examined in this research study. Methods: Sixty healthy age- and gender-matched participants (30 black African, 30 Caucasian) between the ages of 18 25 years participated in this study. Fifteen males and fifteen females, within one year of the age of their racial participant counterparts, were included in each racial group. Latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes and asymmetry ratios were analysed for both groups in these tests. Furthermore, auditory brainstem response (ABR) and electromyography (EMG) testing were conducted to investigate whether possible racial differences in VEMP tests could be attributed to differences in neural or muscular function. Results: Black African participants demonstrated significantly shorter latencies of the n23 component of the cVEMP and the p15 component of the oVEMP, as well as larger peakto- peak amplitude of the oVEMP response. Highly significant differences were found in all EMG measurements between the two racial groups, suggesting that these racial VEMP differences are primarily based on differences in muscular function between black Africans and Caucasians. Significant gender differences were observed in all tests conducted, with females predominantly displaying shorter latencies, while males had larger amplitudes. Conclusions: Young black African adults demonstrated significant differences in both cVEMP and oVEMP responses, namely shorter latencies and larger amplitudes, in comparison to young Caucasian adults. Correlations with differences in EMG measurements suggest that these differences are primarily due to differences in muscular function as opposed to neural function. Future research is required to confirm and expand on these findings. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MCommunication Pathology / Unrestricted

I ABSTRACT Title: Kinesiological analysis of upper limb punch strike in sports karate. Aim of work: The aim of this thesis to describe and characterize the muscle involement in direct punch strike in karate. Then compared with the exercises, which are characteristic to karate - strikes with resistence and push-up exercise. Methods: Work is processed by a comparative analysis of selected movements based on the determination of muscle activation. The surface electromyography method synchronized with video and accelerometer was used in this work. Results: The result is describtion of selcted movements on the basis of muscle activation and function of selected muscles. The prove that the forearm extensors are activated as the last of the selcted muscles was managed. On the basis of karate technique and anatomy we confirmed important role of forearm extensor by direct punch in karate. The difference between onset time muscle activation by strikes and push up was found. Maximum speed of acral part of the upper limb by direct punch was established. Keywords: Electromyography (EMG), karate, direct punch - gyakucuki, accelrometer

The Dissertation is concerned with monitoring of changes regarding muscle involvement in specific areas of human motion system when walking and Nordic walking (NW) with focus on adults and by means of electromyography method. Within the process of field testing there were 9 randomly selected individuals at the age of 50 - 60 tested to elicit differences in the motion system. There was an effort to find certain differences within involvement of specific muscle groups in the area of shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and lower limbs and retrieval of similarities of coordination attributes concerning locomotion at horizontal presented by paradigm of kinesiological content of reflexive crawling according to Vojta's principle. Kinematic analyses was used to discover a difference in involvement of specific muscles between Nordic (v = 5 kph) and regular walking (v = 4, 75 kph) up to 10˚ of ascent. Muscles where their MVC was diagnosed the difference in individual muscle involvement was monitored expressed in percentage. The values found were consequently related to their referential value of MVC and tested by means of Wilcoxon test for dependent selection. Muscles where MVC value was not diagnosed the intraindividual comparative analyses of activation muscle pair similarity was carried out on the grounds of...

Title: The Comparison of Muscle Timing of Chosen Shoulder Girdle Muscles During Breaststroke Inside and Outside the Water Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to compare timing and activation of chosen shoulder girdle muscles during breaststroke in the pool with counterflow and during excercise with rubber expander. Methods: It was analyzed timing and level of muscle activation during swimming and simulating the same movement of upper extremities in the air against the power of rubber expander. As an objetification was used surface electromyography. One profesional swimer took part in this experiment Results: Based on results it seemed that the movement of upper extremities are different in the pool and in the air during swimming stroke of breaststroke. Most of the measurement were different in the pool and in the air. Keywords: swimming, breaststroke, EMG, WaS-EMG, electromyography, shoulder girdle muscles, timing

Tittle: Description quadrupedal locomotion diagonal pattern in specific sport activity (rope climbing, walking, pull-up) Aim of work: The aim is to find a description kvadrupedal locomotion diagonal pattern with rope climbing and its motion pattern compared with the motion pattern of walking and pull-up. Methods: This work is descriptively-association study with quantitative and qualitative analysis. The dates were measured by surface electromyography and 2-D video-analysis. Results: Alternating activation of upper extremities (rope climbing without the lower extremities), we proved that the movement supporting lower extremities is quadruped locomotion diagonal pattern. Symmetric work of upper extremities (pull-up) is not in response at lower extremities quadruped locomotion diagonal pattern. Key words: Electromyography (EMG), quadruped, diagonal pattern, rope climbing, pull-up, walking