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Since 1990, D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer manipulated the xenon atoms on the Ni(110) surface to pattern the atomic scale structure. The researches about manipulation of atoms/ molecules become a major research in surface science. One of the ultimate goals of nanotechnology is manipulating or modifying the nanoclusters. In our experiment, first, deposit metal atoms on the Al2O3/NiAl(100) surface. These Co atoms will form a cluster structure because of the surface free energy. Second, use the STM manipulation technique to manipulate the clusters, and observe the differences by STM images. Closer the tip to Co clusters by reducing the bias voltage of STM. This action will induce a force to overcome the interaction between Co clusters and Al2O3 to remove the Co clusters. In the analysis of electronic spectroscopy, we can say that some of the clusters are not the Co clusters, those are formed by oxygen atom or other molecules by the difference of electronic spectroscopy curves. And we observe that the relation between Co cluster size and tunneling current gap is a linear relation. In the analysis of electronic spectroscopy, we can distinguish the cluster from the oxide surface by the difference of electronic spectroscopy curves. And we observe that the metal cluster size will be influenced the width of tunneling gap.

This thesis is concerned with weakly bound neutral and ionic clusters. Spectra of the region near the S1fS0 electronic origin of four neutral van der Waals molecules - aniline-argon, phenol-argon, chlorobenzene-argon and fluorobenzene-argon - were obtained using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). These spectra indicate that Fermi resonances between van der Waals stretching and bending motions are important in these molecules. Effective Hamiltonians are constructed that describe well the low frequency vibrations. In order to better discuss the low frequency van der Waals motions of aromatics bound to one and two rare gas atoms a simple model for the vibrations is developed. The model enables expression of van der Waals frequencies in terms of fundamental molecular properties and enables facile comparison of effective force constants in a variety of van der Waals molecules. The model is successfully employed to explain van der Waals vibrational structure associated with the origin region of aniline-(argon)2 using van der Waals potential parameters derived from the aniline-(argon)1 spectrum. REMPI and emission spectra of larger clusters of aniline and argon are also reported and discussed. Using atom-atom potentials, equilibrium structures for aniline-(argon)n (n=l, 2, 3) are calculated. The calculations prove useful in the analysis of the spectra.The BfX transitions of the cation complexes fluorobenzene+-argon and chlorobenzene+-argon have been investigated. The cations were prepared by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of the neutral van der Waals molecules. A time delayed tunable dye laser was then used to dissociate the cations, loss of an argon atom being the dominant process. When the second laser was tuned to a cation resonance the dissociation cross section increased markedly, allowing characterization of BfX transition. The resulting spectra are presented and discussed.

The biological significance of photosynthesis is indisputable as it is necessary for nearly all life on earth. Photosynthesis provides chemical energy for plants, algae, and bacteria, while heterotrophic organisms rely on these species as their ultimate food source. The initial step in photosynthesis requires the absorption of sunlight to create electronic excitations. Light-harvesting proteins play the functional role of capturing solar radiation and transferring the resulting excitation to the reaction centers where it is used to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. Despite the wide variety of light-harvesting protein structures and arrangements, most light-harvesting proteins are able to utilize the captured solar energy for charge separation with near perfect quantum efficiency. This thesis will focus on understanding the energy transfer dynamics and photophysics of a specific subset of light-harvesting antennae known as phycobiliproteins. These proteins are extracted from cryptophyte algae and are investigated using steady-state and ultrafast spectroscopic techniques.

The biological significance of photosynthesis is indisputable as it is necessary for nearly all life on earth. Photosynthesis provides chemical energy for plants, algae, and bacteria, while heterotrophic organisms rely on these species as their ultimate food source. The initial step in photosynthesis requires the absorption of sunlight to create electronic excitations. Light-harvesting proteins play the functional role of capturing solar radiation and transferring the resulting excitation to the reaction centers where it is used to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. Despite the wide variety of light-harvesting protein structures and arrangements, most light-harvesting proteins are able to utilize the captured solar energy for charge separation with near perfect quantum efficiency. This thesis will focus on understanding the energy transfer dynamics and photophysics of a specific subset of light-harvesting antennae known as phycobiliproteins. These proteins are extracted from cryptophyte algae and are investigated using steady-state and ultrafast spectroscopic techniques.

A simple theory relating the dynamics of electrons to the long-range properties of the molecular ionic core is developed for asymmetric top molecules in general and water in particular. It is combined with the molecular version of multichannel quantum defect theory developed by Fano and Jungen and applied to the resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectra of Child and Glab (M. S. Child and W. G. Glab, J. Chem. Phys., 2001, 112, 3754-3765), the mass-analysed threshold ionization spectra of Dickinson et al. (H. Dickinson, S. R. Mackenzie and T. P. Softley, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2000, 2, 4669-4675) and the as-yet unpublished work of Glab on the photoelectron branching ratios of the nd and nf Rydberg lines of the water molecule. The effect of resonances between electronic and rotational motion in Rydberg molecules is investigated using multichannel quantum defect theory with special reference to the time-resolved wave packet experiments of Smith et al. (R. A. L. Smith, J. R. R. Verlet, E. D. Boleat, V. G. Stavros and H. H. Fielding, Faraday Discuss., 2000, 115, 63-70).

Esta dissertação está focada no estudo do espectro de absorção em fase gasosa de Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas. O estudo dessas moléculas é de grande interesse científico e tem sido tema em diversos trabalhos na literatura. São apresentados resultados para o espectro de absorção teórico das Porfirinas Base Livre (H2-Porfirina), complexada com Zinco, e complexada com Magnésio, e das Ftalocianinas Base Livre (H2-Ftalocianina) e complexada com Zinco. Espectros de absorção dos monômeros optimizados dessas moléculas são calculados com vários métodos e uma análise das transições eletrônicas é feita junto com uma discussão do modelo de Gouterman. São apresentados espectros para estruturas optimizadas de dímeros de H2-Porfirina e H2-Ftalocianina. A inclusão de efeitos térmicos no espectro dos monômeros de H2-Porfirina e H2-Ftalocianina é estudada usando dinâmicas moleculares. Após comparação entre resultados de dinâmicas clássica e ab initio, propomos novos parâmetros para o campo de força da H2-Porfirina que fornece resultados mais compatíveis, mas o mesmo não precisou ser feito para H2-Ftalocianina. Mostramos que para H2-Porfirina a inclusão de efeitos térmicos aumenta com a temperatura as forças de oscilador médias das bandas Q e gera um deslocamento das bandas para o vermelho, e para H2-Ftalocianina um aumento do desdobramento das bandas Q. Esses resultados fornecem uma explicação para observações experimentais e mostram que efeitos térmicos são importantes para uma descrição mais completa do espectro. / This work aims at studing the gas phase absorption spectrum of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. The study of these molecules is of immense cientific interest and has been topic for several works at the literature. Results are presented for the theoretical absorption spectrum of Free Base (H2-Porphyrin), Zinc and Magnesium Porphyrins and of Free Base (H2-Phythalocyanine) and Zinc Phthalocyanines. The absorption spectra of these molecules\' optimized monomers are calculated with several methods and eletronic transitions analysis is done together with a discussion of Gouterman model. Spectra are presented for optimized dimers of H2-Porphyrin and H2-Phythalocyanine. The inclusion of thermal effects on the H2-Porphyrin\'s and H2-Phythalocyanine\'s monomer spectra is studied through molecular dynamics. After comparing results of classical and ab initio molecular dynamics we proposed new force field parameters for H2-Porphyrin that provides more consistent results, but the same didn\'t need to be done for H2-Phythalocyanine. We showed that the inclusion of thermal effects increases with temperature the Q bands average oscillator strengths and implies in a red shift of the H2-Porphyrin bands, and increases the H2-Phythalocyanine\'s Q bands splitting. These results provide an explanation to the experimental observations and shows that thermal effects are important to a more complete description of the spectrum.

No presente trabalho utilizamos as espectroscopias eletrônica e vibracional, com o apoio de simulação computacional de líquidos para estudar o comportamento solvatocrômico e ionocrômico de diaminoantraquinonas. Adicionalmente estudamos a potencialidade da 1,2-diaminoantraquinona (1,2-DAAQ) no reconhecimento de ânions em superfícies de prata. Utilizando espectroscopia de absorção obtivemos espectros da 1,2-DAAQ e alguns isômeros em diversos solventes. Estes resultados foram analisados por métodos empíricos de solvatocromismo, principalmente, pela escala solvatocrômica de Kamlet-Taft. Esta análise nos propiciou um conhecimento preciso sobre o comportamento da 1,2-DAAQ em meio solvente e serviu de suporte para o estudo do ionocromismo, e da interação com as superfícies. Através da simulação computacional geramos estruturas de soluções da 1,2-DAAQ em três solventes e analisamos a estrutura destas soluções via análise das Funções de Distribuição Radial de pares, o que nos possibilitou uma visão no nível microscópico do efeito das interações com o solvente. As estruturas geradas serviram de base para o cálculo do espectro de absorção para comparação com os valores experimentais. Baseado nesta comparação foi possível especular que a estrutura da 1,2-DAAQ é afetada pelo solvente no estado excitado. Utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho e eletrônica foi possível caracterizar o tipo de interação entre a 1,2-DAAQ e o ânion fluoreto, como sendo por ligação de hidrogênio de força moderada. A atribuição vibracional da 1,2-DAAQ foi realizada com base nos espectros Raman, auxiliada por cálculos de freqüência. A atribuição foi utilizada para a determinação da orientação da 1,2-DAAQ nas superfícies de prata e principalmente para estudar a natureza desta interação. A análise destes resultados nos permitiu traçar um panorama bastante claro sobre esta interação além de auxiliar no entendimento do uso da 1,2-DAAQ como sonda aniônica de superfícies. Finalmente, através da espectroscopia Raman ressonante foi possível confirmar e detalhar a atribuição da transição eletrônica observada na região do visível, característica das diaminoantraquinonas. / In the present work, the ionochromic and solvatochromic behavior of several diaminoantraquinones were investigated by means of optical and vibrational spectroscopies, alongside computational simulation. The UV-Vis spectra of 1,2- diaminoantraquinone (1,2-DAAQ) were analyzed using empirical solvatochromic scales, like the Kamlet-Taft. Such analysis enabled an accurate description of its solvatochromic behavior that was instrumental to understand its interaction with anions and metallic surfaces. Computational simulation provided the structures of 1,2-DAAQ solutions in three different solvents, and the analyses of the radial distribution functions revealed a microscopic view of its interactions with the solvents. The obtained structures were the departing points for the calculation of the electronic spectrum, then compared with the experimental one. The results suggest that the structure of 1,2-DAAQ is substantially affected by the solvent in the excited state. Infrared spectroscopy clearly indicates that the interaction of the 1,2-DAAQ and fluoride involves a hydrogen bonding of moderate strength. Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations provided the means for the vibrational assignment that was instrumental to understand the orientation of the molecule in its interaction with silver surface.

Esta dissertação está focada no estudo do espectro de absorção em fase gasosa de Porfirinas e Ftalocianinas. O estudo dessas moléculas é de grande interesse científico e tem sido tema em diversos trabalhos na literatura. São apresentados resultados para o espectro de absorção teórico das Porfirinas Base Livre (H2-Porfirina), complexada com Zinco, e complexada com Magnésio, e das Ftalocianinas Base Livre (H2-Ftalocianina) e complexada com Zinco. Espectros de absorção dos monômeros optimizados dessas moléculas são calculados com vários métodos e uma análise das transições eletrônicas é feita junto com uma discussão do modelo de Gouterman. São apresentados espectros para estruturas optimizadas de dímeros de H2-Porfirina e H2-Ftalocianina. A inclusão de efeitos térmicos no espectro dos monômeros de H2-Porfirina e H2-Ftalocianina é estudada usando dinâmicas moleculares. Após comparação entre resultados de dinâmicas clássica e ab initio, propomos novos parâmetros para o campo de força da H2-Porfirina que fornece resultados mais compatíveis, mas o mesmo não precisou ser feito para H2-Ftalocianina. Mostramos que para H2-Porfirina a inclusão de efeitos térmicos aumenta com a temperatura as forças de oscilador médias das bandas Q e gera um deslocamento das bandas para o vermelho, e para H2-Ftalocianina um aumento do desdobramento das bandas Q. Esses resultados fornecem uma explicação para observações experimentais e mostram que efeitos térmicos são importantes para uma descrição mais completa do espectro. / This work aims at studing the gas phase absorption spectrum of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. The study of these molecules is of immense cientific interest and has been topic for several works at the literature. Results are presented for the theoretical absorption spectrum of Free Base (H2-Porphyrin), Zinc and Magnesium Porphyrins and of Free Base (H2-Phythalocyanine) and Zinc Phthalocyanines. The absorption spectra of these molecules\' optimized monomers are calculated with several methods and eletronic transitions analysis is done together with a discussion of Gouterman model. Spectra are presented for optimized dimers of H2-Porphyrin and H2-Phythalocyanine. The inclusion of thermal effects on the H2-Porphyrin\'s and H2-Phythalocyanine\'s monomer spectra is studied through molecular dynamics. After comparing results of classical and ab initio molecular dynamics we proposed new force field parameters for H2-Porphyrin that provides more consistent results, but the same didn\'t need to be done for H2-Phythalocyanine. We showed that the inclusion of thermal effects increases with temperature the Q bands average oscillator strengths and implies in a red shift of the H2-Porphyrin bands, and increases the H2-Phythalocyanine\'s Q bands splitting. These results provide an explanation to the experimental observations and shows that thermal effects are important to a more complete description of the spectrum.