No description available.

This thesis describes the application of microprocessor engine management techniques to the control of the hydrogen/petrol engine. A discussion of the world's fuel resources and the need for energy conservation is followed by a review of the literature related to the use of hydrogen as a fuel. The concept of hydrogen supplementation is introduced and then the work of other researchers in this field is studied in some detail in order to establish the control requirements for hydrogen/petrol operation. A survey of the literature relating to engine management techniques precedes a description of the microprocessor-based controller which was developed for this work. Following this is a description of the engine calibration process which involves the use of specially developed surface-fitting and contour-tracing software. Steady-state operation in the hydrogen/petrol mode resulted in significant energy savings but poor driveability was obtained when the control system was fitted into a Ford Transit Crew Bus. Transient operation during the ECE-15.04 test resulted in a small fuel economy gain but the exhaust emissions exceeded the legislative limits. It was concluded that, although the steady-state performance showed promise, further development of the control system was required to meet the demands of transient operation.

No description available.

Este trabalho foca no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico que tem como objetivo controlar um motor de combustão interna do ciclo Otto. Essa unidade é composta por três blocos independentes, onde cada um deles é composto por um hardware e um software específico. O primeiro bloco é chamado de gerenciamento e ele é responsável por ler todos os sinais de sensores, processá-los e criar com isso alguns parâmetros de controle que são transmitidos para o bloco de sincronismo por meio de uma comunicação SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface). O bloco de sincronismo por sua vez recebe esses parâmetros com a intenção de controlar as válvulas injetoras e as bobinas de ignição no momento exato para manter o motor em um funcionamento perfeito. O terceiro bloco é chamado comunicação/diagnose, sendo responsável por ser a interface entre o motor e os usuários e desenvolvedores. Portanto, ele monitora algumas informações do motor e as mostram em um display, bem como possíveis falhas que possam ocorrer na utilização dele. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é mostrar como essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico foi desenvolvida, algumas estratégias usadas para controlar o motor e alguns resultados práticos aplicando essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico em um motor real montado em uma plataforma de metal chamado mock-up. / This paper focuses on the development of an electronic management unit which has the objective to control an Otto cycle internal combustion engine. This unit is composed by three separated blocks where each one of these blocks is composed by one specific hardware and software. The first block is named management and it is responsible to read all the engine sensors signals, to process these signals and to create with it some parameters of control that is transferred to the synchronism block through a SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface) communication. The synchronism block receives these parameters in order to control the nozzles and the ignition coils in the exact moment to keep the engine running perfectly. The third block is named communication/diagnoses and it is responsible to be the interface between the engine and the drivers and developers. So it monitores some engine information and it shows this information in a display, as well some possible faults that can occur with the use of it. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to show how this electronic control unit was developed, some strategies used to control the engine and some practical results, by applying this electronic control unit in a real engine assembled in an iron base platform, named mock-up.

Este trabalho foca no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico que tem como objetivo controlar um motor de combustão interna do ciclo Otto. Essa unidade é composta por três blocos independentes, onde cada um deles é composto por um hardware e um software específico. O primeiro bloco é chamado de gerenciamento e ele é responsável por ler todos os sinais de sensores, processá-los e criar com isso alguns parâmetros de controle que são transmitidos para o bloco de sincronismo por meio de uma comunicação SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface). O bloco de sincronismo por sua vez recebe esses parâmetros com a intenção de controlar as válvulas injetoras e as bobinas de ignição no momento exato para manter o motor em um funcionamento perfeito. O terceiro bloco é chamado comunicação/diagnose, sendo responsável por ser a interface entre o motor e os usuários e desenvolvedores. Portanto, ele monitora algumas informações do motor e as mostram em um display, bem como possíveis falhas que possam ocorrer na utilização dele. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é mostrar como essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico foi desenvolvida, algumas estratégias usadas para controlar o motor e alguns resultados práticos aplicando essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico em um motor real montado em uma plataforma de metal chamado mock-up. / This paper focuses on the development of an electronic management unit which has the objective to control an Otto cycle internal combustion engine. This unit is composed by three separated blocks where each one of these blocks is composed by one specific hardware and software. The first block is named management and it is responsible to read all the engine sensors signals, to process these signals and to create with it some parameters of control that is transferred to the synchronism block through a SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface) communication. The synchronism block receives these parameters in order to control the nozzles and the ignition coils in the exact moment to keep the engine running perfectly. The third block is named communication/diagnoses and it is responsible to be the interface between the engine and the drivers and developers. So it monitores some engine information and it shows this information in a display, as well some possible faults that can occur with the use of it. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to show how this electronic control unit was developed, some strategies used to control the engine and some practical results, by applying this electronic control unit in a real engine assembled in an iron base platform, named mock-up.

Nas últimas décadas, a indústria automobilística mundial vem investindo no desenvolvimento tecnológico dos motores, com o objetivo de alcançar melhor eficiência energética e atender às legislações que limitam a quantidade de resíduos tóxicos nos gases de exaustão e menor consumo de combustível. Isso resultou na implantação dos sistemas de gerenciamento eletrônico do motor, que possibilitam funcionalidades para se controlar diversas variáveis do motor, aumentando consideravelmente o rendimento do motor. Este trabalho tem como objetivos explorar a dinâmica de um motor de combustão interna ciclo Otto, os sinais elétricos associados, e os componentes de seu gerenciamento eletrônico. A partir dessas informações, o trabalho apresenta o processo de analise dos sinais elétricos e as estratégias de controle utilizadas em um sistema de gerenciamento real. Assim, são desenvolvidos o hardware e o firmware de uma unidade microcontroladora para gerenciamento eletrônico do motor. O hardware foi elaborado com uma concepção centralizada, ou seja, foi usado apenas um microcontrolador de 32-bit para gerenciar todas as funções. O firmware de controle foi desenvolvido de forma modular baseado em modelos de malha fechada. O modelo matemático do motor foi identificado utilizando técnicas de controle em um veículo real, e a avalidação do modelo foi obtida através de testes em um dinamômetro inercial. / In the last few decades, the world automotive industry has invested in the technological development of the engines, aiming to get better energetic efficiency and comply with legislations that limit the amount of toxic exhaustion gases. This resulted in electronic management systems for engines, which allowed flexibility to control several engine-related variables, considerably increasing the engine efficiency. This work aims to explore the Otto cycle combustion engine dynamics, its electronic signals, and the elements of its electronic management. Based on that information, this work presents the analysis process of the electronic signals, and the control strategies used in a real management system. Then, the hardware and firmware of a microcontroller unity are developed for the electronic management of the engine. The hardware was elaborated with a centralized concept, i.e., only one 32-bit microcontroller was used to control all functions. The control firmware was developed in a modular scheme, based on the closed loop models. The engine mathematical model was identified using control techniques in a real engine. The results were obtained by tests in an inertial dynamometer.

Nas últimas décadas, a indústria automobilística mundial vem investindo no desenvolvimento tecnológico dos motores, com o objetivo de alcançar melhor eficiência energética e atender às legislações que limitam a quantidade de resíduos tóxicos nos gases de exaustão e menor consumo de combustível. Isso resultou na implantação dos sistemas de gerenciamento eletrônico do motor, que possibilitam funcionalidades para se controlar diversas variáveis do motor, aumentando consideravelmente o rendimento do motor. Este trabalho tem como objetivos explorar a dinâmica de um motor de combustão interna ciclo Otto, os sinais elétricos associados, e os componentes de seu gerenciamento eletrônico. A partir dessas informações, o trabalho apresenta o processo de analise dos sinais elétricos e as estratégias de controle utilizadas em um sistema de gerenciamento real. Assim, são desenvolvidos o hardware e o firmware de uma unidade microcontroladora para gerenciamento eletrônico do motor. O hardware foi elaborado com uma concepção centralizada, ou seja, foi usado apenas um microcontrolador de 32-bit para gerenciar todas as funções. O firmware de controle foi desenvolvido de forma modular baseado em modelos de malha fechada. O modelo matemático do motor foi identificado utilizando técnicas de controle em um veículo real, e a avalidação do modelo foi obtida através de testes em um dinamômetro inercial. / In the last few decades, the world automotive industry has invested in the technological development of the engines, aiming to get better energetic efficiency and comply with legislations that limit the amount of toxic exhaustion gases. This resulted in electronic management systems for engines, which allowed flexibility to control several engine-related variables, considerably increasing the engine efficiency. This work aims to explore the Otto cycle combustion engine dynamics, its electronic signals, and the elements of its electronic management. Based on that information, this work presents the analysis process of the electronic signals, and the control strategies used in a real management system. Then, the hardware and firmware of a microcontroller unity are developed for the electronic management of the engine. The hardware was elaborated with a centralized concept, i.e., only one 32-bit microcontroller was used to control all functions. The control firmware was developed in a modular scheme, based on the closed loop models. The engine mathematical model was identified using control techniques in a real engine. The results were obtained by tests in an inertial dynamometer.

Η μεταπτυχιακή εργασία αναφέρεται στην ηλεκτρονική διαχείριση εκθεμάτων στα ελληνικά μουσεία μέσω της μελέτης των μουσειακών οργανισμών του νομού Αχαΐας. Η καινοτομία της μελέτης αυτής είναι ότι προσεγγίζει τη λειτουργία του σύγχρονου μουσείου παρουσιάζοντας ένα ολοκληρωμένο πλαίσιο διαχείρισης. Η έννοια της μουσειακής διαχείρισης αναλύεται όχι μόνο ως προς τη διοικητική, αλλά και ως προς την τεχνολογική, οικονομική και νομική της διάσταση, υπό το πρίσμα της νέας πραγματικότητας που η ψηφιακή εποχή επιβάλει. Παρουσιάζονται οι λειτουργίες του μουσείου (συλλογή, συντήρηση, έρευνα, πληροφόρηση, εκπαίδευση, έκθεση, επικοινωνία-μάρκετινγκ) και τα σύγχρονα εργαλεία που η μουσειακή διοίκηση έχει στη διάθεσή της για να μετατρέψει το μουσείο σε έναν δυναμικό ανταγωνιστικό οργανισμό παγκόσμιας εμβέλειας. Αναλύεται τέλος η έννοια του εικονικού μουσείου, ως κατεξοχήν φορέας ηλεκτρονικής διαχείρισης εκθεμάτων. Στηριζόμενη στην παραπάνω εκτενή βιβλιογραφική ανάλυση η παρούσα μελέτη προσπαθεί να ερευνήσει το πλαίσιο εφαρμογής της ηλεκτρονικής διαχείρισης εκθεμάτων στα μουσεία μέσω της διεξαγωγής έρευνας με ερωτηματολόγιο στους μουσειακούς οργανισμούς της περιοχής. Η έρευνα αυτή πραγματοποιεί συγκριτική αξιολόγηση των μουσείων της περιοχής με βάση συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια και εξάγει πολύτιμα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη στάση και τις ικανότητες των μουσείων απέναντι στις δυνατότητες που προσφέρει η ψηφιακή πολιτισμική τεχνολογία και φανερώνει τις τάσεις και τις προοπτικές της μουσειακής διαχείρισης. / The present study refers to the electronic management of exhibits in greek museums focusing on the research of museums of the prefecture of Achaia. The innovation of this study is that it approaches the administration of modern museum presenting a complete frame of management. The significance of museum management is analyzed not only from its administrative aspect, but also from its technological, economic and legal dimension, in the context of new reality that the digital era imposes. The functions of museum (collection, maintainance, research, information, education, exhibition, communication-marketing) are presented such as the modern tools that museum management has in its disposal in order to transform the museum in a dynamic, competitive organisation of world impact. Finally, is analyzed the significance of virtual museum, as the eminent institution of electronic management of exhibits. Supported in the precede extensive bibliographic analysis, the present study tries to explore the context of application of electronic management of exhibits in the museums via the conduct of research with questionnaire to the museums of the region. This research carries out a comparative evaluation of the examined museums using specific criteria and it exports useful conclusions with regard to the attitude and the ability of museums toward the possibilities that the digital cultural technology offers and reveals tendencies and prospects of museum management.