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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analyzing the role of lipid elongases in Drosophila development: From barriers to behavior

Gupta, Prachi 29 January 2014 (has links)
Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) constitute a particular class of lipids whose developmental roles are coming under increasing scrutiny. These LCFAs not only have important cell specific functions but their dysregulation also forms the underlying cause of several lipid based disorders. Fatty acids are elongated in vivo by multi-enzymatic machinery in a stepwise manner. The first step of this process is carried out by a family of enzymes, conserved from yeast to humans, known as Elongases (Elos). It has been suggested that Elos work independently to elongate a fatty acid to a distinct length and perform distinct functions. Work in different species has implicated Elos in different biological roles such as barrier function, fertility, behavior and lipid homeostasis, but our understanding of the precise roles of these elongases in fatty acid elongation and how it relates to their physiological roles is not very well understood. To better understand the functions of Elos, I have characterized all Drosophila elongases for their developmental roles. In this thesis, I have shown that Drosophila elongases that are more conserved across species have more important functions (eg viability) as compared to the less conserved elongases. More specifically, I have discovered an elongases, sit still (sits), disruption of which in the nervous system results in striking locomotor and behavior defects, as well as decreased lifespan. I have also characterized another elongase, baldspot, which is important for imparting the epidermal barrier function in Drosophila, a conserved function of elongases across species. By elucidating the in vivo functions of these two Drosophila elongases, this work provides insight into the developmental roles of Elos and their links to diseases such as psoriasis, icthyosis, macular degeneration, Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
2

Maturação Cuticular em Apis mellifera: Perfis de Hidrocarbonetos Cuticulares, Expressão e Evolução de Desaturases e Elongases. / Cuticle Maturation in Apis mellifera: Cuticular Hydrocarbons Profiles, Expression and Evolution of Desaturases and Elongases.

Lopes, Tiago Falcon 25 April 2013 (has links)
Os hidrocarbonetos cuticulares têm importante papel no processo de reconhecimento dos membros da colônia de insetos sociais. Muitos estudos têm mostrado variações qualitativas e quantitativas nestes compostos entre os insetos adultos. Contudo, abordagens referentes à modulação do perfil destes compostos durante a formação da cutícula são escassas, e se restringem aos estágios larval de holometábolos e de ninfas de hemimetábolos. O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar o perfil de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares e a expressão de genes potencialmente relacionados à sua biossíntese durante o processo de formação e maturação da cutícula adulta. Os perfis de hidrocarbonetos foram caracterizados por meio de GC/MS e mostraram diferenças quantitativas marcantes que significativamente discriminaram as cutículas pupal, adulta-farata e adulta. Em paralelo, sequências de enzimas que catalisam a desaturação (desaturases) ou elongação (elongases) de lipídeos, disponíveis no banco de dados do NCBI, foram utilizadas para o desenho de primers e estudo da expressão gênica por meio de RT-qPCR. Cinco genes de desaturases, e oito genes de elongases mostraram variação de expressão estatisticamente significante no tegumento de abelhas adultas em comparação com pupas e adultas-faratas. Testes de correlação entre os perfis de expressão gênica e de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares evidenciaram os genes potencialmente envolvidos com a biossíntese destes compostos para a formação e maturação da cutícula. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de que nos insetos sociais, a cutícula só amadurece completamente por ocasião do início da atividade de forrageamento. Associando estes dados a análises de evolução molecular das desaturases e elongases, pudemos sugerir as etapas da via de síntese de hidrocarbonetos catalisadas por estas enzimas, e assim eleger genes candidatos a futuro silenciamento mediado por RNA de interferência para pesquisa de função. / Cuticular hydrocarbons are important for recognition of nestmates in social insect colonies. Many studies have shown qualitative and quantitative variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons between adult insects. However, approaches on developmental profiles of these compounds during cuticle formation and differentiation are scarce, and restricted to larval stages of holometabolous and nymphs of hemimetabolous. The main objective of this work was to characterize the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles and the expression of genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds during the synthesis and differentiation of the adult cuticle in the honeybee. The hydrocarbons profiles were characterized using GC/MS and showed remarkable quantitative differences, thus discriminating the pupal, pharate-adult and adult cuticles from each other. In parallel, we used annotated sequences of enzymes catalyzing lipid desaturation (desaturases) or elongation (elongases), available in NCBI data bank, for primers design and gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR. Five desaturase genes and eight elongase genes showed statistically significant expression changes in the integument of adult bees in comparison to pupae and pharate-adults. Correlation tests supported roles of some of the desaturase and elongase genes in hydrocarbons biosynthesis for incorporation into adult cuticle. In addition, these results go along with the hypothesis that in social insects the cuticle is just completed when the insect starts forager activity. Taken together, these data and an analysis on the molecular evolution of desaturases and elongases allowed suggesting the steps in the pathway of cuticular hydrocarbons biosynthesis that are catalyzed by these enzymes, and also allowed to elect candidate genes for further functional studies using gene silencing mediated by RNAi.
3

Maturação Cuticular em Apis mellifera: Perfis de Hidrocarbonetos Cuticulares, Expressão e Evolução de Desaturases e Elongases. / Cuticle Maturation in Apis mellifera: Cuticular Hydrocarbons Profiles, Expression and Evolution of Desaturases and Elongases.

Tiago Falcon Lopes 25 April 2013 (has links)
Os hidrocarbonetos cuticulares têm importante papel no processo de reconhecimento dos membros da colônia de insetos sociais. Muitos estudos têm mostrado variações qualitativas e quantitativas nestes compostos entre os insetos adultos. Contudo, abordagens referentes à modulação do perfil destes compostos durante a formação da cutícula são escassas, e se restringem aos estágios larval de holometábolos e de ninfas de hemimetábolos. O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar o perfil de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares e a expressão de genes potencialmente relacionados à sua biossíntese durante o processo de formação e maturação da cutícula adulta. Os perfis de hidrocarbonetos foram caracterizados por meio de GC/MS e mostraram diferenças quantitativas marcantes que significativamente discriminaram as cutículas pupal, adulta-farata e adulta. Em paralelo, sequências de enzimas que catalisam a desaturação (desaturases) ou elongação (elongases) de lipídeos, disponíveis no banco de dados do NCBI, foram utilizadas para o desenho de primers e estudo da expressão gênica por meio de RT-qPCR. Cinco genes de desaturases, e oito genes de elongases mostraram variação de expressão estatisticamente significante no tegumento de abelhas adultas em comparação com pupas e adultas-faratas. Testes de correlação entre os perfis de expressão gênica e de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares evidenciaram os genes potencialmente envolvidos com a biossíntese destes compostos para a formação e maturação da cutícula. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de que nos insetos sociais, a cutícula só amadurece completamente por ocasião do início da atividade de forrageamento. Associando estes dados a análises de evolução molecular das desaturases e elongases, pudemos sugerir as etapas da via de síntese de hidrocarbonetos catalisadas por estas enzimas, e assim eleger genes candidatos a futuro silenciamento mediado por RNA de interferência para pesquisa de função. / Cuticular hydrocarbons are important for recognition of nestmates in social insect colonies. Many studies have shown qualitative and quantitative variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons between adult insects. However, approaches on developmental profiles of these compounds during cuticle formation and differentiation are scarce, and restricted to larval stages of holometabolous and nymphs of hemimetabolous. The main objective of this work was to characterize the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles and the expression of genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds during the synthesis and differentiation of the adult cuticle in the honeybee. The hydrocarbons profiles were characterized using GC/MS and showed remarkable quantitative differences, thus discriminating the pupal, pharate-adult and adult cuticles from each other. In parallel, we used annotated sequences of enzymes catalyzing lipid desaturation (desaturases) or elongation (elongases), available in NCBI data bank, for primers design and gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR. Five desaturase genes and eight elongase genes showed statistically significant expression changes in the integument of adult bees in comparison to pupae and pharate-adults. Correlation tests supported roles of some of the desaturase and elongase genes in hydrocarbons biosynthesis for incorporation into adult cuticle. In addition, these results go along with the hypothesis that in social insects the cuticle is just completed when the insect starts forager activity. Taken together, these data and an analysis on the molecular evolution of desaturases and elongases allowed suggesting the steps in the pathway of cuticular hydrocarbons biosynthesis that are catalyzed by these enzymes, and also allowed to elect candidate genes for further functional studies using gene silencing mediated by RNAi.
4

Biosíntesis de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga en gamáridos

Ribes Navarro, Alberto 21 June 2025 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El rápido crecimiento de la acuicultura ha generado una serie de problemas relacionados con la disponibilidad de ingredientes marinos esenciales en la alimentación de peces, debido a su alto contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (LC-PUFAs) omega-3. Una estrategia altamente innovadora para la obtención de nuevos ingredientes ricos en LC-PUFAs, consiste en el cultivo intensivo de organismos que sean capaces de producirlos a partir de fuentes que carecen de éstos, como son los subproductos de industrias agroalimentarias. Este enfoque requiere entender la capacidad biosintética del organismo en cuestión, y cómo ésta se puede modular para aumentar la acumulación de estos compuestos. Esta Tesis Doctoral plantea una serie de estudios dirigidos a esclarecer el potencial de los gamáridos para aplicar esta estrategia. La biosíntesis de LC-PUFAs en animales requiere de la acción coordinada de enzimas elongasas y desaturasas, implicadas en la conversión de ácidos grasos relativamente cortos y poco insaturados, en LC-PUFAs de alto valor nutricional. Así pues, esta Tesis Doctoral ha investigado, por un lado, la presencia y la actividad de genes involucrados en la biosíntesis de LC-PUFAs en gamáridos tanto marinos como dulceacuícolas. Por otro lado, ha estudiado cómo diferentes dietas y temperaturas afectan al metabolismo de ácidos grasos, crecimiento y supervivencia, en el gamárido marino Gammarus locusta, tanto a nivel fisiológico y composicional, como a nivel molecular. Los resultados de la primera parte demuestran que los gamáridos tienen varias elongasas, pero carecen de desaturasas. Se identificaron tres tipos de elongasas (elovl4, elovl6, y elovl1/7-like) en el gamárido marino Echinogammarus marinus, siendo elovl4 y elovl1/7-like clave para la elongación de LC-PUFAs. Este mismo patrón de elongasas se repite también para los gamáridos dulceacuícolas. Sorprendentemente, se han encontrado desaturasas front-end (fed), methyl-end (wx-des), y una elongasa del tipo Elovl2/5 únicamente en transcriptomas de gamáridos dulceacuícolas. Posteriores análisis moleculares y filogenéticos han podido determinar que estas secuencias fed, wx-des, y elovl2/5 son propias de rotíferos bdeloideos, epibiontes de gamáridos dulceacuícolas. Estos hallazgos, más allá de apuntar el potencial biosintético de los rotíferos bdeloideos, revela una relación constante entre éstos y los gamáridos en ecosistemas dulceacuícolas. La segunda parte de la Tesis analiza cómo dieta y temperatura modulan el metabolismo de ácidos grasos, crecimiento y supervivencia en Gammarus locusta. Los resultados han mostrado que G. locusta experimenta un mayor crecimiento, aunque también mayores tasas de mortalidad, cuando se cultiva a temperaturas elevadas. La mortalidad en G. locusta también aumenta cuando este se alimenta con una dieta rica en ácidos grasos saturados (SFAs) y carente de LC-PUFAs. Los perfiles de ácidos grasos en gamáridos reflejan las dietas consumidas, independientemente de la temperatura; aunque cabe destacar que los gamáridos alimentados con dietas carentes de LC-PUFAs conservan niveles apreciables de estos compuestos en sus lípidos corporales. A nivel molecular, una dieta sin LC-PUFAs y rica en SFAs disminuye el catabolismo de ácidos grasos y favorece su acumulación modulando la expresión de genes involucrados en estos procesos. Además, estas mismas condiciones afectan negativamente el desarrollo y supervivencia al influir en genes relacionados con el ciclo de muda. Además, se ha observado que temperaturas altas aceleran el desarrollo e incrementan la mortalidad. Según estos resultados, puede concluirse que las temperaturas elevadas y dietas carentes de LC-PUFAs no son adecuadas para el cultivo de G. locusta cuando el objetivo final es la obtención de biomasa rica en estos compuestos, ya que dichas condiciones afectan negativamente al perfil nutricional del animal y a su supervivencia. / [CA] El ràpid creixement de l'aqüicultura ha generat una sèrie de problemes relacionats amb la disponibilitat d'ingredients marins essencials en l'alimentació de peixos, a causa del seu alt contingut en àcids grassos poliinsaturats de cadena llarga (LC-PUFAs) omega-3. Una estratègia altament innovadora per a l'obtenció de nous ingredients rics en LC-PUFAs, consistix en el cultiu intensiu d'organismes que siguen capaços de produir-los a partir de fonts que no els ténen, com són els subproductes d'indústries agroalimentàries. Aquesta estratègia requerix entendre la capacitat biosintètica de l'organisme en qüestió, i com aquesta es pot modular per a augmentar l'acumulació d'estos compostos. Esta Tesi Doctoral planteja una sèrie d'estudis dirigits a esclarir el potencial dels gammàrids per a aplicar esta estratègia. La biosíntesi de LC-PUFAs en animals requerix de l'acció coordinada d'enzims elongases i desaturases, implicats en la conversió d'àcids grassos relativament curts i poc insaturats, en LC-PUFAs d'alt valor nutricional. Així doncs, esta Tesi Doctoral ha investigat, d'una banda, la presència i l'activitat de gens involucrats en la biosíntesi de LC-PUFAs en gammàrids tant marins com dulciaqüícoles. D'altra banda, ha estudiat com diferents dietes i temperatures afecten el metabolisme d'àcids grassos, creixement i supervivència, en el gammàrid marí Gammarus locusta, tant a nivell fisiològic i composicional, com a nivell molecular. Els resultats de la primera part demostren que els gammàrids ténen diverses elongases, però manquen de desaturases. Es van identificar tres tipus d'elongases (elovl4, elovl6, i elovl1/7-like) en el gammàrid marí Echinogammarus marinus, sent elovl4 i elovl1/7-like clau per a l'elongació de LC-PUFAs. Este mateix patró d'elongases es repetix també per als gammàrids dulciaqüícoles. Sorprenentment, s'han trobat desaturases front-end (fed), methyl-end (wx-des), i una elongasa del tipus Elovl2/5 únicament en transcriptomes de gammàrids dulciaqüícoles. Posteriors anàlisis moleculars i filogenètics han pogut determinar que estes seqüències fed, wx-des, i elovl2/5 són pròpies de rotífers bdeloides, epibionts de gammàrids dulciaqüícoles. Estes troballes, més enllà d'apuntar el potencial biosintètic dels rotífers bdeloides, revela una relació constant entre estos i els gammàrids en ecosistemes dulciaqüícoles. La segona part de la Tesi analitza com dieta i temperatura modulen el metabolisme d'àcids grassos, creixement i supervivència en Gammarus locusta. Els resultats han mostrat que G. locusta experimenta un major creixement, encara que també majors taxes de mortalitat, quan es cultiva a temperatures elevades. La mortalitat en G. locusta també augmenta quan este s'alimenta amb una dieta rica en àcids grassos saturats (SFAs) i sense LC-PUFAs. Els perfils d'àcids grassos en gammàrids reflectixen les dietes consumides, independentment de la temperatura; encara que cal destacar que els gamàrids alimentats amb dietes mancants de LC-PUFAs conserven nivells apreciables d'estos compostos en els seus lípids corporals. A nivell molecular, una dieta sense LC-PUFAs i rica en SFAs disminuïx el catabolisme d'àcids grassos i afavorix la seua acumulació modulant l'expressió de gens involucrats en estos processos. A més, estes mateixes condicions afecten negativament el desenvolupament i supervivència al influir en gens relacionats amb el cicle de muda. A més, s'ha observat que temperatures altes acceleren el desenvolupament i incrementen la mortalitat. Segons estos resultats, pot concloure's que les temperatures elevades i dietes mancants de LC-PUFAs no són adequades per al cultiu de G. locusta quan l'objectiu final és l'obtenció de biomassa rica en estos compostos, ja que estes condicions afecten negativament el perfil nutricional de l'animal i a la seua supervivència. / [EN] The rapid growth of aquaculture has generated a series of problems related to the availability of essential marine ingredients in fish feed, due to their high content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). A highly innovative strategy for obtaining new ingredients rich in LC-PUFAs relies on the intensive culture of organisms that are capable of producing LC-PUFAs from sources that lack them, such as the by-products of agri-food industries. This approach requires understanding the biosynthetic capacity of the organism, and how this can be modulated to increase the accumulation of these compounds. This Doctoral Thesis proposes a series of studies aimed at clarifying the potential of gammarids to apply this strategy. LC-PUFA biosynthesis requires the coordinated action of elongase and desaturase enzymes, involved in the conversion of relatively short and poorly unsaturated fatty acids into LC-PUFAs of high nutritional value. Thus, this Doctoral Thesis has investigated, on one hand, the presence and activity of genes involved in the LC-PUFAs biosynthesis in both marine and freshwater gammarids. On the other hand, we have studied how different diets and temperatures affect fatty acid metabolism, growth and survival, in the marine gammarid Gammarus locusta, both at a physiological and compositional level, and at a molecular level. The results of the first part demonstrate that gammarids have several elongases, but lack desaturases. Three types of elongases (elovl4, elovl6, and elovl1/7-like) were identified in the marine gammarid Echinogammarus marinus, being elovl4 and elovl1/7-like key for LC-PUFA elongation. This same pattern of elongases is also present in their freshwater counterparts. Surprisingly, front-end desaturases (fed), methyl-end (wx-des), and an Elovl2/5-type elongase have been found only in transcriptomes built from freshwater gammarids. Subsequent molecular and phylogenetic analyses have been able to determine that these fed, wx-des, and elovl2/5 sequences are typical of bdelloid rotifers, which are epibionts of freshwater gammarids. These findings, beyond pointing out the biosynthetic potential of bdelloid rotifers, reveal a constant relationship between them and gammarids in freshwater ecosystems. The second part of the Thesis focuses on how diet and temperature modulate fatty acid metabolism, growth and survival in Gammarus locusta. The results have shown that G. locusta experiences greater growth, but also higher mortality rates, when grown at higher temperatures. Mortality in G. locusta also increases when it is fed with a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and lacking LC-PUFAs. Fatty acid profiles in gammarids reflect the diets consumed, regardless of temperature; although it is worth noting that gammarids fed with diets lacking LC-PUFAs still show levels of these compounds in their body lipids. At a molecular level, a diet lacking LC-PUFAs and rich in SFAs decreases the catabolism of fatty acids and enhances their accumulation by modulating the expression of genes involved in these processes. Furthermore, these same conditions negatively affect development and survival by influencing genes related to the molting cycle. In addition, it has been observed that higher temperatures accelerate development and increase mortality. According to these results, it can be concluded that higher temperatures and diets lacking LC-PUFAs are not suitable for the culture of G. locusta when the final outcome is to obtain a biomass rich in these compounds, since these conditions negatively affect the nutritional profile of the animal and its survival. / This research was supported by the ERA-NET BlueBio COFUND Project SIDESTREAM (Grant ID 68), co-funded through national funds provided by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain, grant no. PCI2020-111960/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), FKZ161B0950B, and the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Por- tugal (BLUEBIO/0005/2019). Additional funding was received through the project IMPROMEGA Agencia Española de Investigación, Spain, grant no. RTI2018-095119-B-100, MCIU/AEI/FEDER/UE/ MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER ‘A way to make Europe / Ribes Navarro, A. (2024). Biosíntesis de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga en gamáridos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207006 / Compendio

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