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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The idea of emission control is not new. Different industries have been putting in a lot of effort to limit the harmful emissions and support the environment. Keeping our earth green and safe for upcoming generations is our responsibility. Many cement plants have been shut down in recent years on account of high emissions. Controlling SO2, NOx and CO emissions using the Petri net models is an effort towards the clean production of cement. Petri nets do not just give a pictorial representation of emission control, but also help in designing a controller. A controlled Petri net can be potentially implemented to control the process parameters. In Chapter 2, we discuss the Petri nets in detail. In Chapter 3, we explain the modeling of emissions using the Petri nets. A controlled emission model is given in Chapter 4. A general Petri net model is considered to design the controller, which can be easily modified depending on the specific requirements and type of kiln in consideration. The future work given at the end is the work in progress and a neural network model will likely be integrated with the Petri net model.

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Emission of odorous and gaseous compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from livestock facilities can be a major impediment to its daily operations and potential expansion. Occupational and environmental concerns require the control of H2S emissions. A treatment approach used in the oil industry in which nitrite and/or molybdate are used as metabolic inhibitors to control the production of H2S in oil reservoirs was shown to be effective in controlling H2S emissions from swine manure.<p> The addition of nitrite and molybdate to swine manure was investigated in closed laboratory scale systems and then evaluated in semi-pilot scale open systems and in specifically designed chambers aiming to simulate an actual swine barn. The effect of manure age (extent of storage) on H2S emissions and the levels of nitrite and molybdate required for effective control of these emissions were assessed. Laboratory scale tests showed that emission of H2S was dependent on manure age. Fresh manure emitted the highest level of H2S and the level of emission decreased as manure age (1-6 months) increased. With fresh 1, 3, and 6-month old manures average H2S concentration in the headspace gas of the closed systems were 4856b460, 3431b208, 1037b98 ppm, and non-detectable (<0.4 ppm), respectively. This translated to lower levels of nitrite or molybdate required to control H2S emission with increase in manure age. When compared to molybdate, the addition of nitrite initially led to lower levels of H2S but its effect was only temporary and not as persistent as molybdate. In the semi-pilot and room scale tests H2S levels emitted from untreated fresh manure (831¡Ó26 ppm and 88.4 ppm, respectively), were significantly lower than those observed in the laboratory system (4856¡Ó460 ppm). Moreover, the levels of molybdate required to control the emission of H2S were much lower in both the semi-pilot system and in the room scale chamber than in the closed system (0.1-0.25 mM as opposed to 2 mM).<p> Small scale land application of manure treated with 0.1 mM molybdate did not raise the level of molybdenum in the soil that could cause potential toxicity to plants and animals. No major differences in the nutrient properties of the soils exposed to the treated and untreated manure were observed. Finally, a preliminary feasibility study of this treatment approach showed that the cost associated with this control approach was less than 1% of the total production cost.

Emission of odorous and gaseous compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from livestock facilities can be a major impediment to its daily operations and potential expansion. Occupational and environmental concerns require the control of H2S emissions. A treatment approach used in the oil industry in which nitrite and/or molybdate are used as metabolic inhibitors to control the production of H2S in oil reservoirs was shown to be effective in controlling H2S emissions from swine manure.<p> The addition of nitrite and molybdate to swine manure was investigated in closed laboratory scale systems and then evaluated in semi-pilot scale open systems and in specifically designed chambers aiming to simulate an actual swine barn. The effect of manure age (extent of storage) on H2S emissions and the levels of nitrite and molybdate required for effective control of these emissions were assessed. Laboratory scale tests showed that emission of H2S was dependent on manure age. Fresh manure emitted the highest level of H2S and the level of emission decreased as manure age (1-6 months) increased. With fresh 1, 3, and 6-month old manures average H2S concentration in the headspace gas of the closed systems were 4856b460, 3431b208, 1037b98 ppm, and non-detectable (<0.4 ppm), respectively. This translated to lower levels of nitrite or molybdate required to control H2S emission with increase in manure age. When compared to molybdate, the addition of nitrite initially led to lower levels of H2S but its effect was only temporary and not as persistent as molybdate. In the semi-pilot and room scale tests H2S levels emitted from untreated fresh manure (831¡Ó26 ppm and 88.4 ppm, respectively), were significantly lower than those observed in the laboratory system (4856¡Ó460 ppm). Moreover, the levels of molybdate required to control the emission of H2S were much lower in both the semi-pilot system and in the room scale chamber than in the closed system (0.1-0.25 mM as opposed to 2 mM).<p> Small scale land application of manure treated with 0.1 mM molybdate did not raise the level of molybdenum in the soil that could cause potential toxicity to plants and animals. No major differences in the nutrient properties of the soils exposed to the treated and untreated manure were observed. Finally, a preliminary feasibility study of this treatment approach showed that the cost associated with this control approach was less than 1% of the total production cost.

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The present work is concerned with fundamental studies on the liquid fuel transport in the intake manifold of small carburetted engines. This work is motivated by the need for development of technologies to meet the stringent cold-start emission norms that are to be prescribed for two-wheelers in particular. More specifically, visualization studies conducted in a transparent manifold made of quartz in a small four-stroke 110-cc two-wheeler engine have shown the presence of gasoline films on the walls of the inlet manifold under cold start conditions. Advanced Laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) have been utilized to measure the thickness of the fuel films. The Sauter Mean Diameter for the fuel droplets at the carburettor exit is measured using Laser Shadowgraphy technique. It is observed that the films are present both at idling conditions and under load. This large amount of liquid fuel entering the engine leads to incomplete combustion and higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. A detailed analysis of the effects of heating the inlet manifold has been performed. The potential of this manifold heating strategy in reducing hydrocarbon emissions has been assessed and found to be promising. In addition, a need of proper control of the fuel exiting the carburettor is shown to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.