Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2010-2011 / Les demoiselles Enallagma ont radié en Amérique du Nord durant le Pleistocene et les espèces sont principalement différenciées par des structures sexuelles secondaires. Bien qu'elles soient morphologiquement très différentes, Enallagma hageni et E. ebrium sont génétiquement très similaires. Leur répartition spatiale est généralement chevauchante, mais il semble que ces espèces co-occurrent rarement. Dans cette étude, nous investiguons l'histoire évolutive de ces deux jeunes espèces morphologiques par l'analyse conjointe de données génétiques et spatiales. Les analyses de génétique des populations basées sur le polymorphisme AFLP indiquent que ces espèces morphologiques divergent régionalement. Ces deux espèces morphologiques sont rarement sympatriques à l'échelle locale et leur distribution forme une mosaïque d'ilôts où une espèce domine. L'interférence reproductive couplée à la recolonisation suite à la dernière glaciation pourrait expliquer ce patron. Cette répartition spatiale limite probablement les opportunités contemporaines de flux génique, et accélère par le fait même la différenciation régionale. / North American Enallagma damselflies radiated during the Pleistocene and species differ mainly by secondary sexual structures. Although morphologically very different, Enallagma hageni and E. ebrium are genetically very similar. Their ranges broadly overlap but these ecologically equivalent species rarely co-occur. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of these two very young morphospecies by coupling population genetics and spatial analyses. Based on AFLP polymorphisms, population genetics analyses indicate that these morphospecies are locally diverging. They are rarely sympatric at local sites and their distribution form a mosaic of patches where one morphospecies is dominant. Reproductive interference coupled with postglacial recolonization likely explains this pattern. By limiting contemporary opportunities for gene flow, it probably also contributes to accelerating regional differentiation.

A study of macroinvertebrate colonization and assemblages, including secondary productivity of the familiar bluet damselfly or Enallagma civile Hagen (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), associated with the aquatic macrophytes Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacMill. (water stargrass) and Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (American pondweed) was conducted at the Dallas Floodway Extension Trinity River Project (DFE) Lower Chain of Wetlands (LCOW), Dallas, TX, from September 2010 through November 2011. Macroinvertebrate abundance, taxa richness, Simpson's index of diversity, and Simpson's evenness from the two macrophytes and from three different wetland cells of varying construction completion dates, water sources, and native aquatic vegetation establishment were analyzed along with basic water quality metrics (temperature °C, pH, dissolved oxygen mg/L, and conductivity µs/cm). E. civile nymphs were separated into five developmental classes for secondary productivity estimations between macrophytes and wetland cell types. Mean annual secondary productivity in the DFE LCOW among two macrophytes of E. civile was 1392.90 ash-free dry weight mg/m²/yr, standing stock biomass was 136.77 AFDW mg/m2/yr, cohort production / biomass (P/B) ratio was calculated to be 4.30 / yr and the annual production / biomass (P/B) ratio was 10.18 /yr.

Heterogeneous environments play an important role in the evolution of traits when selection is diversifying between different conditions. One response is the capacity of individuals to beneficially adjust their phenotype to local conditions, such as different predators. In larval Enallagma damselflies, diversifying selection from predatory dragonfly larvae or predatory fish favours opposing traits, respectively high or low levels of activity, and so appears to drive the adaptive divergence of anti-predator specialists. However, little work has addressed: i) if anti-predator generalist species exist; ii) if anti-predator generalist species express adaptive flexible behaviour; iii) if adaptive flexible behaviour is influenced by prior experience with predators. I compared individual larval behaviour in the presence of fish, dragonfly larvae, or no predators, in four Enallagma species groups from ponds with and without fish predators. Ecological distributions suggest variation in degree of anti-predator generalization, and this was associated with increased responsiveness to predator treatment in the most likely ecological generalist. Responses to predators varied across different behaviours and sometimes were shaped by prior predation experience. Thus, a variety of adaptive strategies may have evolved to cope with heterogeneity in predation risk in larval damselflies. / NSERC, OGS