This thesis was conducted to study Bertegruppens vision of being a business group self-sufficient on electrical energy. The scope was to investigate the potential of the vision being realized in a near future by adding solar energy to the existing energy production mix. Examinations of the energy need and the consumption pattern at the different companies were made by studying hourly data from the electricity supplier. Future energy need was determined during interviews and study visits, where potential areas for solar modules also were identified. Global solar radiation data was collected fromthe STRÅNG model, provided by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. These data were inserted to the micro power simulation tool HOMER ENERGY, along with solar module parameters from a solar energy installer Bertegruppen has initiated discussions with. The simulations resulted in potential solar energy production for a maximized and an adapted case for each company. In the adapted case, the implications from the Swedish solar energy market were considered while in the maximized case they were not. The simulation output data were then processed in the computational tool MATLAB, along with the hourly data over the electrical energy consumption at each company. At last economical calculations were carried out for the maximized and adapted case for each company, based on the Levelized Cost of Energy method. By adapting the maximized solar cell systems at each company, expand the hydropower station according to the plans, add diary-residues from Sia Glass to the biogas plant and account for the electrical energy bought from other hydropower stations in Suseån within the guarantees of origin system, Bertegruppen would produce 50.8 percent of their electrical energy need in 2021. For the adapted solarcell systems, the share would be 46.3 percent. The maximized solar cell systems resulted in a LCOE of 0.522 kr/kWh for Bertegruppen at a present value of 1 934 tkr.The LCOE for the adapted solar cell systems would be 0.529 kr/kWh at a presentvalue of 823 tkr.

In order to significantly lower the environmental impact from human activities, numerous efforts and approaches related to the transformation of human activities have developed during the last decades. Examples of such efforts are policies and strategies at different levels, some with a top-down approach focusing on extensive institutional changes, and some with a bottom-up approach focusing on industrial actors and industry-led activities. One essential aspect of these efforts concerns the energy used producing the products and services provided within our society. This includes, for example, improved efficiency of processes in order to minimise the amount of energy used, or optimisation of efficiency by using energy with the lowest possible exergy value. It can also be about re-use of energy, which is the focus of this thesis. Heat, which is the main by-product of all energy systems, can be utilised for heating purposes to lower the primary energy demand for heating. Increased utilisation of excess heat, however, requires collaboration between normally unrelated actors, those with a supply of and those demanding excess heat. In Sweden, which is a Northern European country with high demand for heat, the tradition of large energy-intensive manufacturing industries generating large amounts of excess heat, in combination with well-established district heating distribution systems, constitute good conditions for excess heat utilisation. Despite the fact that Sweden is among the world leaders in utilising excess heat, there is however, still a large unutilised potential. From this background, the objective of this thesis is to identify challenges behind excess heat utilisation for heating purposes, and to propose practical suggestions to facilitate expanded excess heat utilisation. The overall objective is analysed with a focus on drivers and barriers behind interorganisational collaborations on excess heat utilisation, important components of interorganisational business models and how the technical conditions regarding supply and demand could be facilitated by strategic municipal spatial planning processes. The research is largely based on interviews conducted with societal actors with different perspectives on excess heat utilisation; energy companies, industries generating high-grade excess heat, facilities generating low-grade excess heat, facilities demanding low-grade excess heat, experts of utilisation of low-grade excess heat, branch organisations, municipal spatial planners, energy- and climate advisors, and developers. Document studies have been conducted in order to collect case specific knowledge. The research questions are explored based on literature studies on the principles of industrial symbiosis, business model perspective and strategic planning. Further, they are examined in a Swedish context. It is concluded that the three perspectives complement each other by providing a system perspective on increased utilisation of excess heat as they seek to contribute both environmental and financial benefits at both a company and societal level. In order to facilitate further utilisation of excess heat it is important to focus on the organisational factors of humility, honesty, transparency, trust, fine-grained information transfer, joint problem solving, and shared visions of common goals, which are important conditions behind development of functional and long-term durable collaborations. Business models for collaboration could contribute to the creation of these organisationally important conditions. Such business models could also provide knowledge on how to create and capture joint values. For some collaborations involving actors lacking the technical knowledge related to the capturing and distribution of excess heat, a third-party providing services related to the technical knowledge required could be beneficial. Collaborations in which one of the actors consists of an energy company often entail the technical knowledge required. This implies that different collaborations involving different types of actors and under different prevailing financial, technical and organisational conditions require customised and flexible business solutions. Local authorities could, through their overall function, initiate interorganisational collaborations on excess heat within the framework of municipal spatial planning. The results do however show that the investigated planning processes could develop more extensive stakeholder participation to include further societal actors related to excess heat. More extensive stakeholder participation, have the potential to initiate new development of collaborations on excess heat between normally unrelated actors, both with and without involvements of third-party knowledge brokers. A broader participation is also expected to result in increased knowledge on how to plan to further facilitate the condition of excess heat utilisation.

Genom att samhället utvecklas och bland annat strävar mot effektivare energianvändning, ökning av andelen förnyelsebara energikällor samt sänkta koldioxidutsläpp. Är det ofrånkomligt att energisystemen i samhället inte påverkas. Bland annat så krävs det inte lika mycket energi för att täcka byggnaders energibehov i dag än tidigare. Detta medför att energisystemen i samhället utvecklas och strävar efter att bli mer effektiva. I Sverige är fjärrvärmen den vanligaste uppvärmningsformen där mer än 50 % av alla bostäder och lokaler använder fjärrvärme som värmekälla. Fjärrvärmens grundtanke är mycket enkel och beprövad. Den går ut på att producera värme storskaligt vid ett eller flera värmeverk och distribuera värmen i två stålrör som ligger nedgrävda i marken ut till kunder som har värmebehov. När värmen når kunden genom framledningsröret finns där en fjärrvärmecentral som växlar värmen till fastighetens egna interna värmesystem. Det avkylda fjärrvärmevattnet pumpas då tillbaka i det andra röret (returledningen) till produktionsanläggningen för att återigen värmas upp. Genom åren har fjärrvärmen utvecklas, och ser man från de första fjärrvärmesystemen (generation 1) till dagens system (generation 3) har utvecklingen generellt varit att gå mot lägre temperaturer i systemen. Man menar nu att det är hög tid att gå från generation 3 till 4:e generationens system som generellt strävar efter att sänka temperaturerna ytterligare i systemen. Sänkta temperaturer gällande fjärrvärmesystem har visat sig ge positiva effekter gällande ekonomi, miljö och resursutnyttjande. Dels så ger sänkta temperaturer effektivare produktion eftersom mer el kan genereras i kraftvärmeverken och större andel rökgaskondensering kan användas samt att mer integrering av spill- och restvärme från industrier kan utnyttjas. Det finns olika förslag på hur man ska gå mot lägre temperaturer i systemen. Rapporten ämnar att undersöka om en ny fjärrvärmeteknik som kallas 4GDH- 3P kan vara lönsam att redan idag implementeras i befintliga fjärrvärmenät. Teknikens grundtanke är att förlägga 3 distributionsledningar istället för 2, detta för att kunna få ner temperaturerna samt spara energi och helt enkelt få mer effektiva system. Tekniken är i grunden till för nyanslutningar av lågenergihus och är under utveckling. I denna studie undersöks vilka möjligheter som finns i att ansluta ett exploateringsområde på 63 lägenheter i Borlänge. Kostnader jämförs, beräkningar på hur mycket energi som kan sparas samt vilka möjligheter det finns att sänka temperaturerna i nätet med hjälp av tekniken utreds. Resultaten visar att den nya tekniken är relativt dyr att bygga jämfört med att bygga på konventionellt sätt. I detta sammanhang visar det sig att investeringen av den nya tekniken uppskattas bli ca: 70 % dyrare än vanlig konventionell byggnation. Resultaten visar också att med den nya tekniken kan man teoretisk gå mot lägre returtemperaturer på uppemot 12,5 °C i en bestämd punkt i returledningen. Energibesparingen uppgick till 62,57 MWh under perioden juni, juli och augusti för de 63 lägenheterna som undersöktes. / The society is constantly evolving and strives for, among other things: energy efficiency, increase the proportion of renewable energy sources and reduced CO2 emissions. It is inevitable that the energy systems in the community are not affected. Among other things, it does not require as much energy today to cover the energy needs than in the past. This means that the energy systems in the society evolve and strive to become more efficient. In Sweden the most common form of heating is district heating, where more than 50% of all dwellings and premises using district heating as heating source. District heating concept is very simple and proven. It aims to produce heat on a large scale and distribute the heat in two steel tubes that are buried in the ground out to customers who have a heating requirement. When the heat reaches the customer, there is a substation that switches the heat to the building's own internal heat system. The cold water is pumped back of district heating in the other pipe (return line) to the production site to once again heat up. Over the years, district heating is developed and you can see from the first district heating systems (generation 1) to today's system (generation 3) that it has generally been moving towards lower temperatures in the systems. Now it is high time to move from generation 3 to the 4th generation system that generally strive to lower the temperature even further in the systems. Lower temperatures in district heating systems have been shown to produce positive effects regarding economic, environmental, and resource utilization. On the one hand, it also gives, more efficient production because more electricity can be generated in CHP plants and larger share of RKG can be used as well as more integration of waste and residual heat from industries can be utilized. There are various proposals on how to move towards lower temperatures in the systems. The report intends to investigate whether a new district heating technology called 4GDH-3p may be profitable to already be implemented in existing district heating network. The Technology's basic idea is to place 3 distribution wires instead of 2 in order to bring down the temperatures as well as save energy and simply get more efficient systems. The technique is basically for new accessions of low-energy houses and is under development. This study examines the possibilities of connecting a developable area of 63 apartments in Borlänge. Costs are compared, calculations on how much energy that can be saved and the options available to reduce the temperatures in the net with the help of the technology examines. The results shows that the new technology is relatively expensive to build compered to building conventionally. In this context, it turns out that the investment of the new technology are estimated to be approximately 70% more expensive than standard conventional construction. The results also shows that with the new technology, it can theoretical move towards lower return temperatures of up to 12.5 ° C at a certain point in the return line. Energy savings was amounted to 62,57 MWh in the period of June, July and August for the 63 apartments that were examined.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis has been to identify key points in a district heating system where digitalisation can add higher value to the customer, and thereby contribute to a better district heating offer.  The purpose has been to examine how digitalisation of district heating processes could improve a Swedish district heating system and develop the district heating business in Sweden. This was done through simulations of four digitalisations scenarios in a district heating production and by conducting a semi structured interview study.    The scenarios were based on research on load control, for both district heating network and of a hot water tank, regulation of substations and visualizing customers' energy consumption. These digitalisations correspond to actions such as reduced supply- and return temperatures, peak reductions, reduced heat demand and reduced water mass flow.   The simulation result shows that reducing heat demand by visualizing customers' energy consumption increases customer satisfaction the most. The interview study showed, however, that visualizing customers' energy consumption will probably not be enough to make a permanent heat demand reduction. Other digitalisation solutions is to control the substation or district heating network in such a way that reductions in peak power occur. Furthermore, opportunities for data-driven pricing models are also discussed in order to create better price incentives for customers to contribute with system benefits.  All digital solutions described in this thesis are based on qualitative data collection and it is clear that digitalisation in the district heating sector is not only a technical problem. Finally, a risk analysis is done on risks and opportunities associated with digitalisation. The risks are data and personal integrity, availability, confidential risks etc. The opportunities are increased flexibility, increased use of renewable energy and waste heat, and development of the district heating offer.

The penetration level of power electronic-interfaced devices (PEID:s) in power systems isincreasing, including wind- and solar power, HVDC and FACTS devices. Fault current injectedby PEID:s is lower in magnitude, may lack or contain a reduced negative sequence componentand can have a wide range of phase angles, as opposed to fault current supplied bysynchronous generators (SG:s). In this thesis, the impact of these changes on transmission lineprotection in the Swedish 400 kV network is investigated trough a literature review and steadystate short circuit simulations.The literature review shows that residual overcurrent protection and line differential protectionworks well in presence of PEID:s in most cases. Traveling wave based protection and other fasttime-domain protection may be suitable as well. Some type of distance protection on the otherhand, are facing challenges associated with their impedance, directional and fault identificationalgorithms, when PEID:s are the only fault current source. This is partly caused by varying prefault grid conditions, lack of negative sequent current and oscillations in fault current magnitudeand phase angle caused by the PEID controller. The thesis underlines the need for anincreased understanding of specific algorithms included in distance protection in the Swedish400 kV transmission system, as their performance in presence of PEID:s likely varies betweendifferent vendors and year of manufacturing.

In order to reduce the energy consumption of buildings some degree of alteration usually needs to be done to its shell and construction, which can change the appearance of the building. At the same time buildings often carry materials, details, construction methods, and other historically significant artifacts, that are important to perserve. This often leads to compromises having to be made between improvements to energy performance, and the perservation of the cultural heritage of the building. In this project, a building from the late 1800s in Söderhamn, Sweden, was analyzed to find appropriate energy saving measures while also taking its cultural history into consideration. The simulation software VIP Energy was used to build a model of the house where simulations of different energy saving measures as well as different cases of occupant behaviour could be tested. From these tests, measures were selected and sorted into three packages depending on their level of energy reduction, invasiveness of cultural heritage, and overall complexity. Package A had the lowest energy reduction, but also the lowest invasiveness and complexity of the three. Package C had the highest energy reduction, but with next to no regard for the cultural heritage of the building, nor the complexity of implementing the measures in it. Package B was chosen to contain the measures that according to the authors sucessfully strike a balance between energy effectiveness and the perservation the building’s cultural heritage. The model of the building without measures implemented had a primary energy value of 181kW h/m2, an energy usage of 117 kW h/m2, and a thermal conductivity of 0.504 W/m2K. With package B implemented, the primary energy value was reduced to 54.3 kW h/m2, the energy usage to 32.4 kW h/m2, and the thermal conductivity to 0.247 W/m2K, which makes the building live up to the current standards set by the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. With proper occupant behaviour, the primary energy value and the energy usage could be further reduced to 24.5 kW h/m2 and 32.4 kW h/m2 respectively. Our results suggest that large energy improvements can be made to buildings similar to this one, and that occupant behaviour is a big uncertainty when energy simulations on buildings are performed.

The world’s existing electricity grids face several challenges if they are to continue to provide a stable supply in the future. Aging electricity grids and the massive implementation of renewable sources require a different flexibility and robustness of future grids. Large amounts of renewable sources are implemented locally and on a small scale, increasing pressure on distribution grids to manage variable generation and bi-directional power flows. A decentralized electricity system includes both new technological designs as well as social re-organizations where prosumers become more prominent in the development and responsibilities of the electricity system. The existing centralized electricity system is fundamentally different from the decentralized, and the transformation requires an institutional framework which support the logics of decentralized technologies and organizations. Some technologies which are relevant for a decentralized electricity system include solar PV and MGs. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how the transformation toward a decentralized electricity system affects and is affected by informal institutions among relevant actors, specifically prosumers, and formal institutions related to the existing electricity system. To guide the aim this research uses a conceptual framework stemming from the theoretical field of sustainability transitions with a special emphasis on institutions. The results show that a wide variety of experienced values enhances the positive experiences with solar PV technology and thus prosumers increase their engagement and responsibilities in their own electricity system. Moreover, the values are used to enhance the positive narrative of the niche and thereby increase the attractiveness for external actors. In the formative developing field of community MGs, institutions play an important role. Informal institutions shape the formal institutional development, which also influences the informal institutions in return, by enhancing opportunities for certain groups, such as the energy democracy movement, to reach out with their message. Thus, it is concluded that informal institutions play a significant role in the development of a decentralized electricity system, affecting several niche development parameters and influencing the initial trajectories to further develop. Moreover, it is concluded that institutional developments are crucial for the development of community MGs and that informal institutional developments within communities are shaping the formal institutional developments in the sector.

Wind energy, which is no emission of greenhouse gases, is attracting increasing attention world widely. Compared to onshore wind farms, offshore wind farms can yield greater power production since the wind speeds over the sea are higher and steadier than those over the land. An increasing number of offshore wind farms are being planned and deployed all over the global near-sea areas. Thus, accurate evaluation of wind power production is essential for offshore wind farm development. This study compares two popular models, the minimalistic prediction (MP) model and the linear WAsP model, in the modeling power production of the Lillgrund offshore wind farm in the Baltic Sea. The wind condition data from New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) is used to analyze the wind resources and as input data of the models to calculate wind power production. The calculated results are compared in different years and wind direction sections. The sensitivity of the calculated power production to different influencing factors, including the size of the wind farm and hub heights, are examined. The results show that the WAsP model generally yields higher energy production than the Minimalistic Prediction (MP) model. The requirement for wind condition data and wind farm layout parameters in those two models is different. Compared to the WAsP model, the MP model does not require detailed wind farm layout parameters and wind direction data, which leads to different power production results. From the results of sensitivity experiments, both the size of the wind farm and hub heights have an impact on power production. When the wind farm size increases by 5 times the original size, the wind power production increases by around 50 %. However, when the distances between wind turbines are large, the wake effect would disappear gradually. Therefore, the growth rate decreases with the increase in the size of the wind farm. The wind speed is higher with the increase in hub height. However, due to the smaller turbulence flux, the increase in wind power production with higher hub height is not obvious. When the hub height increased by 2.6 times, the wind speed just increased by around 13 %. It is not hard to conclude that designing a wind farm is a process full of trade-offs. Balancing the rich wind resources and the financial benefits from offshore wind farms are equally essential. Our study can contribute to the application of the models and the designing of offshore wind farm layouts in the Baltic Sea.

No description available.