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The main topic of this project is to do an energy study of the Mariners’ Church, ‘Sjömanskyrkan’, placed in the Centralplan of Gävle, Sweden. This is an old building built in the late 1800’s by the evangelic-lutheran missionaries and nowadays is used to realize different cultural activities such as concerts, meetings, workshops…   Energy is one of the most important points in the actual society. The fact that common energy sources are being depleted and the use of these resources produces a lot of contaminants have brought some many international crisis and conflicts. A big use of oil fuels can influence the government behavior and condition its laws and regulations. Nowadays, the majority of the countries want to reduce their fossil energy sources dependency, e. g. Sweden designed an energy commission in 2005 to make a report on how these uses of petroleum, natural gas and ‘fossil raw materials’ can be reduced until 2020. This project wants to follow this direction, providing some energy savings through the investment and renewal of old public buildings.   The aim of this project is to know how much and in which way this building uses the energy, locating its strong and weak points, and point out some different energy efficiency measures to improve the situation.   First of all, an energy balance has been realized. In the part of the heat gains the total energy use is 274 MWh / year. On the other hand the energy losses give a quantity of 273 MWh / year. The differences between both are the losses by infiltration, 1MWh / year. Most of this energy is lost because of the transmission, about a 95% of the energy losses. The age of the building and its old materials are the main reason for this out of proportion percentage. That’s why the main efficiency measures are referred to this part.   After this first analysis, some efficiency measures have been carried out. The most important are referred to the structural elements like walls, windows, roof and floor. All of these procedures can save 45% of the energy losses. This is evidence that old buildings and this in particular, are really bad insulated and have a lot of heat leakages. Also some behavior recommendations are given, like maintenance works and lightning improvements.

This thesis explored the opportunities to reduce energy demand and renewable energy feasibility at an off-grid science “community” called the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Ontario. Being off-grid, ELA is completely dependent on diesel and propane fuel supply for all its electrical and heating needs, which makes ELA vulnerable to fluctuating fuel prices. As a result ELA emits a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) for its size. Energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies can reduce energy consumption and consequently energy cost, as well as GHG. Energy efficiency was very important to ELA due to the elevated fuel costs at this remote location. Minor upgrades to lighting, equipment and building envelope were able to reduce energy costs and reduce load. Efficient energy saving measures were recommended that save on operating and maintenance costs, namely, changing to LED lights, replacing old equipment like refrigerators and downsizing of ice makers. This resulted in a 4.8% load reduction and subsequently reduced the initial capital cost for biomass by $27,000, by $49,500 for wind power and by $136,500 for solar power. Many alternative energies show promise as potential energy sources to reduce the diesel and propane consumption at ELA including wind energy, solar heating and bio-mass. A biomass based CHP system using the existing diesel generators as back-up has the shortest pay back period of the technologies modeled. The biomass based CHP system has a pay back period of 4.1 years at $0.80 per liter of diesel, as diesel price approaches $ 2.00 per liter the pay back period reduces to 0.9 years, 50% the generation cost compared to present generation costs. Biomass has been successfully tried and tested in many off-grid communities particularly in a small-scale off-grid setting in North America and internationally. Also, the site specific solar and wind data show that ELA has potential to harvest renewable resources and produce heat and power at competitive rates compared to diesel and propane.

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The thesis studies the subjects of bad data detection and state estimation in electrical power systems which are the processes whereby voltage, power flow and switch status measurements gathered continuously in real-time are used in conjunction with a model of the system to calculate the voltage levels at every node in the system. Traditionally the state estimation process requires two stages. The first stage is the pre-processing of the measurements by a bad data detector in an attempt to remove all the measurements which are grossly in error. The second is the calculation of the voltage levels by a state estimator from the remaining measurements which are likely to contain small random errors. Conventional state estimation algorithms are very sensitive to measurement errors, especially switch status errors, and unfortunately it is not possible to ensure that all the measurement errors are removed by the bad data detector. The thesis presents a new algorithm for state estimation utilising linear programming which is able to function in the presence of not only bad analogue measurements but also switch status measurement errors, thus removing the need for a bad data detector. The proposed method of state estimation is also able to include in its model of the system the individual busbars and bus-couplers within a substation. This feature enables the state estimation algorithm to process and provide additional network information thus leading to a more useful and reliable data base.

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