Esta dissertação trata da teoria e construção de um laser de Nitrogênio molecular pulsado com alta potência de pico e que trabalha na região ultravioleta (337,1 nm), para uso em ensino e pesquisa. Juntamente mostra-se o desenvolvimento e construção de uma célula fotoacústica, cuja função é ser usada como medidor de energia dos pulsos do laser. Este aparelho preciso e sensível serve para medir não somente a energia dos pulsos deste laser, como também de outras fontes de radiação pulsada. Os resultados que caracterizam em detalhes o laser e a célula fotoacústica estão apresentados neste trabalho, e sugestões para o uso destes em laboratório de ensino estão incluídos no Apêndice. / This dissertation treats the theory and construction of a pulsed molecular Nitrogen laser with high peak power which functions in the ultra-violet region (337,1 nm) for use in teaching and research. In addition we show the design and construction of a photo-acoustic cell whose function is to measure the energy of the laser pulses. This sensitive and precise apparatus serves as well for measuring the energy of pulsed radiation sources other than the Nitrogen laser. Results which characterize in detail the laser and the photo-acoustic are presented and suggestions for a teaching laboratory included in an appendix.

In the high energy environment of the Large Hadron Collider, there is a finite probability for the longitudinal tail of the hadronic shower represented by a jet to leak out of the calorimeter, commonly referred to as longitudinal hadronic shower leakage, or jet 'punchthrough'. This thesis prescribes a method for identifying such 'punch-through' jets via the use of muon activity found behind a jet in the ATLAS muon spectrometer, finding an occurrence rate of up to 18% in the worst affected regions. 'Punch-through' jets were found to degrade the measured jet energy scale by up to 30%, and jet energy resolution by a factor of 3. A correction to remove these effects was developed in Monte Carlo and validated in data, with associated systematic uncertainties derived. The correction was found to negate the degradation of the measured jet energy scale, improving the jet energy resolution by up to 10% in the worst affected regions, and up to 1.6% overall. The correction was integrated into the final 2012 ATLAS jet energy calibration scheme as the fifth step of the Global Sequential corrections. The prescription developed in this thesis to derive the correction is currently being used by ATLAS in Run II of the Large Hadron Collider.

Esta dissertação trata da teoria e construção de um laser de Nitrogênio molecular pulsado com alta potência de pico e que trabalha na região ultravioleta (337,1 nm), para uso em ensino e pesquisa. Juntamente mostra-se o desenvolvimento e construção de uma célula fotoacústica, cuja função é ser usada como medidor de energia dos pulsos do laser. Este aparelho preciso e sensível serve para medir não somente a energia dos pulsos deste laser, como também de outras fontes de radiação pulsada. Os resultados que caracterizam em detalhes o laser e a célula fotoacústica estão apresentados neste trabalho, e sugestões para o uso destes em laboratório de ensino estão incluídos no Apêndice. / This dissertation treats the theory and construction of a pulsed molecular Nitrogen laser with high peak power which functions in the ultra-violet region (337,1 nm) for use in teaching and research. In addition we show the design and construction of a photo-acoustic cell whose function is to measure the energy of the laser pulses. This sensitive and precise apparatus serves as well for measuring the energy of pulsed radiation sources other than the Nitrogen laser. Results which characterize in detail the laser and the photo-acoustic are presented and suggestions for a teaching laboratory included in an appendix.

L'expérience CMS auprès du LHC, grand collisionneur de hadrons, est un détecteur généraliste qui permet d'étudier tous les aspects des collisions proton-proton produites par le LHC : de l'étude du Modèle Standard et du boson de Higgs à la recherche de signaux de nouvelle physique au-delà du Modèle Standard.La première partie de cette thèse est dédiée à la calibration en énergie des jets dans CMS, un des plus grands défis et une étape fondamentale pour la réussite du programme de physique dans cet environnement hadronique. Plus particulièrement, l'étude des événements multijets permet de contraindre l'échelle en énergie des jets au-delà du TeV. Les corrections en énergie ainsi extraites sont primordiales pour les analyses de physique utilisant des jets, et sont utilisées par toute la collaboration CMS.La deuxième partie est consacrée à la recherche de particules de spin 0 se désintégrant en paires de quarks top-antitop. En effet, de nombreux modèles de nouvelle physique prédisent de nouvelles particules scalaires ou pseudoscalaires avec un fort couplage au quark top. Une étude phénoménologique de deux de ces modèles est présentée, à savoir les modèles à deux doublets de Higgs (2HDM) et l'extension supersymétrique minimale du Modèle Standard (MSSM). Ces modèles offrent tous deux un secteur de Higgs enrichi avec entre autre deux bosons de Higgs neutres additionnels, un scalaire et un pseudoscalaire. Une analyse du spectre de masse invariante des paires top-antitop utilisant les données collectées par CMS en 2012 à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV visant à mettre en évidence l'existence de telles particules est menée. Cette analyse prend en compte pour la première fois les effets des interférences entre la production des paires top-antitop du Modèle Standard et la production résonante à travers la nouvelle particule de spin 0. Il est montré que l'impact des interférences ne peut être négligé. Aucune déviation par rapport aux prédictions théoriques du Modèle Standard n'a été observée dans le spectre de masse invariante des paires top-antitop. Un premier aperçu des données à 13 TeV est également présenté / The CMS experiment at the LHC, the Large Hadron Collider, is a general-purpose detector built to study the proton-proton collisions produced by the LHC, corresponding to a broad physics programme ranging from studying the Standard Model and the Higgs bosons to searching for signal of new physics beyond the Standard Model.The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the jet energy calibration in CMS, one of the most challenging and crucial steps for the sucess of the physics programme within the hadronic environment. More specifically, the study of multijet events allows to constraint the jet energy scale beyond the TeV-scale. The jet energy corrections thus obtained are fundamental for the physics analyses using jets, and are used by all the CMS collaboration.The second part of this manuscript is dedicated to the search for new spin 0 particles decaying into top-antitop quarks pairs. Indeed, several new physics models predict new scalar or pseudoscalar particles with an enhanced coupling to the top quark. A phenomenological study of two of those models is presented, namely the two higgs doublet models (2HDM) and the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). These models both offer an enriched Higgs sector with in particular two additional neutral Higgs bosons, one scalar and one pseudoscalar. The analysis of the top-antitop pairs mass spectrum using data collected by CMS in 2012 at an energy in the center of mass of 8 TeV is presented, looking for such particles. This search takes into account for the first time the effects of interference between Standard Model top-antitop pairs production and its resonant production through the spin 0 particle. This work shows the impact of interference cannot be neglected. No deviation from the Standard Model predictions has been observed in the top-antitop mass spectrum. A first look at 13 TeV data is also presented