Considering current levels of overweight and obesity in the population and the associated adverse health consequences, engaging people with chronic exercise programmes is of heightened importance. During chronic structured exercise programmes, some adults experience adaptive compensatory behavioural responses through increased dietary intake and/or decreased free-living physical activity. These responses can negate the benefits of an exercise-induced energy deficit. However, it is unclear whether young people experience similar responses during chronic structured exercise. Therefore, the experimental research presented in this thesis examined the existence and extent of exercise-induced energy compensation in adolescent girls. To achieve this, a total of 92, 12 to 15 year old girls and 26 adults were recruited into six experimental studies. The Medical Research Council guidance for designing complex interventions was used to structure the experimental chapters into development (Chapters 4 to 7), piloting (Chapter 8) and evaluation (Chapter 9). The first experimental study (Chapter 4) demonstrated that typical daily variation of total energy expenditure (TEE) in adolescent girls is ~3% when estimated by the Actiheart. Physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) variation was found to be ~10%. In the second experimental study (Chapter 5) the agreement and variability of laboratory buffet meals test days was investigated. The results demonstrated typical daily variation of 8.7% in laboratory-based energy intake (EI) in adolescent girls aged 12 to 15 years. Furthermore, a buffet meals familiarisation day is recommended to reduce the variability in EI. Estimation of EI was further explored in Chapter 6 using a digital photography method. This study demonstrated potential for EI assessment using digital photography, but highlighted that, at present, a supplementary written record of EI is required to overcome the limitations associated with missing photographs. Chapter 7 explored themes related to recruitment and retention of adolescent girls to chronic exercise intervention studies. The seven recommendations identified were used to recruit and retain participants in a twelve week pilot exercise intervention study with adolescent girls (Chapter 8). There was no evidence of energy compensation behaviours on a group level; however, high individual variability in both EI and EE behaviours was apparent. The final experimental chapter (Chapter 9) evaluated the fidelity of the exercise intervention and compliance with the measurement of primary outcome variables. Intervention fidelity was largely upheld. On average, participants attended 94% of exercise sessions and 73% of the participants met their individual target heart rate zone. Focus groups with the participants and parents highlighted preference for school-based exercise sessions due to increased variety and convenience, and recommendations for future estimation of free-living EI and EE. Collectively, these studies suggest there is value in pursuing the investigation of energy compensation behaviours in adolescent girls using a mixed methods approach. These studies demonstrate the factors requiring attention when designing and delivering complex interventions to investigate exercise-induced energy compensation in adolescent girls. In particular, methods for estimating free-living EI and EE require further attention before attempting to conduct such research in a larger sample.

abstract: Purpose: Exercise interventions often result in less than predicted weight loss or even weight gain in some individuals, with over half of the weight that is lost often being regained within one year. The current study hypothesized that one year following a 12-week supervised exercise intervention, women who continued to exercise regularly but initially gained weight would lose the weight gained, reverting back to baseline with no restoration of set-point, or continue to lose weight if weight was initially lost. Conversely, those who discontinued purposeful exercise at the conclusion of the study were expected to continue to gain or regain weight. Methods: 24 women who completed the initial 12-week exercise intervention (90min/week of supervised treadmill walking at 70%VO2peak) participated in a follow-up study one year after the conclusion of the exercise intervention. Subjects underwent Dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry at baseline, 12-weeks, and 15 months, and filled out physical activity questionnaires at 15 months. Results: A considerable amount of heterogeneity was observed in body weight and fat mass changes among subjects, but there was no significant overall change in weight or fat mass from baseline to follow-up. 15 women were categorized as compensators and as a group gained weight (+ 0.94±3.26kg) and fat mass (+0.22±3.25kg) compared to the 9 non-compensators who lost body weight (-0.26±3.59kg) and had essentially no change in fat mass (+0.01±2.61kg) from 12-weeks to follow-up. There was a significant between group difference (p=.003) in change in fat mass from 12-weeks to follow-up between subjects who continued to regularly vigorously exercise (-2.205±3.070kg), and those who did not (+1.320±2.156kg). Additionally, energy compensation from baseline to 12-weeks and early body weight and composition changes during the intervention were moderate predictors of body weight and composition changes from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: The main finding of this study is that following a 12-week supervised exercise intervention, women displayed a net loss of fat mass during the follow-up period if regular vigorous exercise was continued, regardless of whether they were classified as compensators or non-compensators during the initial intervention. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on daily energy expenditure and intake in adolescents with normal-weight and with overweight or obesity. Methods: Prospective intervention study. The study included twenty-six adolescents aged between 14-18 years: 17 adolescents (8 girls and 9 boys) with normal-weight (BMI <85th percentiles for age and sex), and 9 adolescents (5 girls and 4 boys) with overweight or obesity (BMI 85th percentile for age and sex). The aerobic exercise program included 30 minutes of cycling performed on a Monark cycle ergometer 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an exercise target heart rate at 75% of participants’ heart rate reserve using the Karvonen formula. Total daily energy expenditure was measured with an indirect calorimeter wear for resting metabolic rate and a 7-day accelerometer for energy expenditure from physical activity. Energy intake was estimated with 24-hour recalls. Results: The aerobic exercise program did not have any significant effect on body weight. Significant effects of aerobic exercise on total daily energy expenditure (p=.051), energy expenditure from physical activity (p=.031) and total daily energy intake (p=.008) were observed, which mainly revealed a reduction in daily physical activity and energy intake following the exercise program. However, there was no significant effect of weight status and no interaction effect between of aerobic exercise and weight status for those three variables. Conclusions: Adolescents with normal weight, overweight or obesity not only reduced their daily total energy expenditure by reducing physical activity, but simultaneously decreased their total daily energy intake after an aerobic exercise program.

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Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-04T14:45:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Cabral_.pdf: 2460477 bytes, checksum: 960b042f52e472bfc7684d2755ed6438 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T14:45:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Cabral_.pdf: 2460477 bytes, checksum: 960b042f52e472bfc7684d2755ed6438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / Nenhuma / O sistema de compensação de energia recentemente recebeu incentivos fiscais no âmbito federal (PIS/Pasep e COFINS) e estadual (ICMS), destinados ao estímulo às energias sustentáveis. Diante desse contexto, o trabalho lança uma reflexão sobre a efetividade da intervenção estatal por meio da concessão destes incentivos fiscais como estratégia de promoção da adesão ao sistema próprio de geração de energia renovável, em especial a fotovoltáica, de forma a contribuir para a mitigação da degradação ambiental. Para tanto, adotou-se como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo, e como métodos de procedimento o estruturalista e estatístico. Além disso, empregou-se as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, de análise documental e de análise de dados. A dissertação foi dividida em quatro capítulos. O primeiro deles se ateve a analisar as características e condições gerais da implementação do Sistema de Compensação de Energia, além de identificar a maneira como ocorre a tributação sobre ele incidente nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. O segundo capítulo fez uma abordagem sobre a relação existente entre economia e a proteção ambiental, abarcando uma diferenciação entre teorias que procuram aproximar essas duas áreas e finalizando com uma análise sobre o Direito Econômico como instrumento de intervenção estatal direcionado à proteção do meio ambiente. O terceiro capítulo centrou-se no tema da intervenção estatal por meio da função extrafiscal dos tributos, trazendo uma reflexão sobre a sua efetividade e sobre os elementos que influenciam o consumidor no momento em que decide adotar o sistema de compensação de energia. Por fim, o último capítulo analisou dados sobre as estatísticas de consumo e os custos relacionados à energia fotovoltaica, disponibilizados pela ANEEL e pela IRENA, diante do que foi possível verificar que os incentivos fiscais concedidos potencializaram em grande escala o aumento do consumo do sistema de compensação de energia solar fotovoltaica. / The energy compensation system has recently received tax incentives at the federal (PIS / Pasep and COFINS) and state (ICMS) scope, aimed at stimulating sustainable energy. Given this context, the paper launches a reflection on the effectiveness of state intervention through the concession of these fiscal incentives as a strategy to promote adherence to the renewable energy generation own system, especially photovoltaic, in order to contribute to the mitigation of environmental degradation. For that, one was adopted as method of procedure the hypothetico-deductive and as methods of procedure the structuralist and statistical. In addition, one employed the techniques of bibliographic research, document analysis and data analysis. The dissertation was divided into four chapters. The first of them, one limited to analyzed the general characteristics and conditions of the implementation of the Energy Compensation System, in addition to identifying the way taxation occurs in the States of Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The second made an approach about relationship existent between economics and environmental protection, encompassing a differentiation between theories that search for approximate these two areas and finalizing with an analysis on Economic Law as an instrument of state intervention directed to the protection of the environment. The third chapter, one focused on the subject of state intervention through the extra-fiscal function of taxes, bringing a reflection about their effectiveness and on the elements that influence the consumer at the moment in which decides to adopt the system of energy compensation. Lastly, the last chapter analyzed data on consumption statistics and costs related to photovoltaic energy, made available by ANEEL and IRENA, in light of which it was possible to verify that the fiscal incentives granted potentialized the compensation of photovoltaic solar energy.