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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the partial requirement of the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2012 / Campaigns to educate people on how to use and manage energy responsibly are on the agenda of energy producers, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) and the government of South Africa. Until recently, publications on energy conservation programmes to inform these groups on best practice have been non-existent. This paper reports on an energy conservation programme, “Energy Dialogues” primarily aimed at offering information as well as influencing pro-environmental attitudes and consequently the behaviour of grade 11 learners in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The Energy Dialogues was conducted in a non-formal learning environment. Learners on the programme were challenged to propose various forms of ‘action taking’ to promote Energy Dialogues amongst their peers, in their school, at home, and in their community. Seven out of twenty schools met the challenge. The research project captured the social interaction among learners during the “Energy Dialogues” programme. A survey confirmed that learners still possess alternative ideas with regards to energy use and management after classroom instruction. While learners have significant knowledge of the causes and consequences of poor energy usage, this does not translate into change in behaviour. Creating an environment of group learning may influence the learners’ lifestyle choices. Learners are more inclined to align themselves with the values of a group. An active learning framework of the Energy Dialogues gave learners an opportunity to take personal responsibility for the environment. They redefined their culture, physically engaged in activity and spoke the language of the educator. While the learners’ visit to DEC was a one-time occurrence, and the findings cannot be generalised, this study may inform future longitudinal research which would offer information of the causal relationships of the components influencing sustainable practices.

Lau Ka Ming. / Thesis submitted in: August 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Wireless Ad Hoc Networks --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wireless Sensor Network --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- IEEE802.11 Ad Hoc Network --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Bluetooth Personal Area Network --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Power Saving in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Contributions of the Thesis --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- Power Saving Mechanisms in Wireless Ad hoc Networks --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Recent Research Proposals --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Synchronous Power Saving Schemes --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Asynchronous Power Saving Schemes --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Existing Standards --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- IEEE802.1l Ad Hoc Power Saving Mode --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Bluetooth Low Power Modes --- p.20 / Chapter 3 --- Analytical Framework for Designing Synchronous Wakeup Patterns --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Model --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Vacation Model --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Optimal Wakeup Pattern --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Analytical analysis of different wakeup patterns --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Exhaustive Wakeup Pattern --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Gated Wakeup Pattern --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Gated Wakeup With Constant Cycle Time --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion of results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Performances impacts of various system parameters --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Performances comparison of different wakeup patterns --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.48 / Chapter 4 --- An improved IEEE802.1l Power Saving Mode --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Related Proposals --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- Proposed Scheme --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Overview --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Beacon Sending Station --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Beacon Receiving Station --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Computing the Transmission Schedule --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Data Transmission Specifications --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Failure Conditions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Performances Evaluation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Simulation Model --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Simulation Results --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.64 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.66

Wei Dacheng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.VIII / List of Tables --- p.XI / List of Figures --- p.XII / List of Abbreviations --- p.XV / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to RFID system --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Why we choose Active RFID system --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of the research --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Requirement analysis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Selection of RFID system and standard --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Original contribution of this dissertation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the dissertation --- p.9 / Reference --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Implementation of An Active RFID System / Chapter 2.1 --- RFID System hardware design and related protocol --- p.1 / Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to ISO 18000-7 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Microcontroller specification --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- RF model specifications --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Communication between a PC and a Reader --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- Programming --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Procedure sequences of Reader and Tag --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Sequence of data transmission and reception --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- CRC implementation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7 --- Testing result --- p.31 / Reference --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Novel Power Saving Methods for an Active RFID System / Chapter 3.1 --- Some drawbacks of the existing Active RFID protocol --- p.1 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Power consumption problem --- p.1 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Multi-Reader problem --- p.9 / Chapter 3.2 --- Solutions of the Multi-Reader problem and power saving problem --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- A solution to the power saving problem --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- A solution to the Multi-Reader problem --- p.16 / Reference --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- A Probe-fed Compact Half-wave Length Dipole Antenna for Active RFID System / Chapter 4.1 --- Requirement of an antenna for Active RFID system --- p.1 / Chapter 4.2 --- A probe-fed half-wave length dipole EE shape antenna for metallic object application --- p.2 / Chapter 4.3 --- Electromagnetic simulation results --- p.5 / Chapter 4.4 --- Operating principle analysis --- p.9 / Chapter 4.5 --- Using V shape structure to increase the bandwidth --- p.19 / Chapter 4.6 --- Prototyping and measurement results --- p.22 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.28 / Reference --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Bibliography: leaves 132-140. / M.Arch.

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 140-141. / by George T. Tremblay. / M.Arch

数据中心在运转过程中需要消耗大量的电能。但是这其中的很大一部分电能都在工作负荷少时被空闲的服务器消耗了。动态供应技术通过在工作负荷少时，关掉不必要的服务器来节省这一部分的电能。在这篇文章中，我们研究未来工作负荷信息到底能给动态供应带来多大好处。特别地，对于有或没有未来工作负荷信息的两种情况，我们提出了在线的动态供应算法。我们首先发现了离线动态供应的最优解有一个很优美的结构，通过这个优美的结构我们可以以分而治之的方法完全确定离线动态供应的最优解。在这个基础之上我们设计了两个在线算法，它们的竞争比分别为2-α和e/(e - 1 + α),其中α表示标准化的预测未来窗口的长度。在这个预测未来窗口中，未来的工作负荷信息可以精确的获得。一个重要的发现是超出一个完整的预测未来窗口的未来工作负荷信息不会对动态供应的性能有任何提高。我们提出的在线算法是分散的，因此易于实现。最后，我们用真是数据中心的数据测试了我们的在线算法。 / 在设计在线算法的时候，我们利用了未来工作负荷信息。这是因为在很多的现代系统中，短期的未来工作信息可以被精确的估计。我们也测试了我们的算法在有预测噪声时候的性能，结果表明我们的算法在有噪声时，也能很好的工作。我们相信利用未来信息是设计在线算法的一个新的角度。在传统的在线算法设计过程中，我们通常不考虑未来输入信息。在这种情况下，许多在线问题有简单的最优的算法，但是这个最优算法的竞争比却很大。其实未来输入信息在很多在线问题中都能在一定程度上被精确预测，所以我们相信我们可以利用这些未来输入信息去设计竞争比较小的在线算法，这样设计的在线算法具有更多的应用优点，并在理论上也给予我们启发。 / Energy consumption represents a significant cost in data center operation. A large fraction of the energy however, is used to power idle servers when the workload is low. Dynamic provisioning techniques aim at saving this portion of the energy by turning of unnecessary servers. In this thesis we explore how much gain knowing future workload information can bring to dynamic pro-visioning. In particular we develop online dynamic provisioning solutions with and without future workload information available. We first reveal an elegant structure of the offline dynamic pro-visioning problem which allows us to characterize the optimal solution in a "divide-and-conquer" manner. We then exploit this insight to design two online algorithms with competitive ratios 2 - α and e/ (e - 1+ α), respectively where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 is the normalized size of a look-ahead window in which future workload information is available. A fundamental observation is that future workload information beyond the full-size look-ahead window (corresponding to α =1) will not improve dynamic provisioning performance. Our algorithms are decentralized and easy to im-plement. We demonstrate their effectiveness in simulations using real-world traces. / When designing online algorithms, we utilize future input information because for many modern systems their short-term future inputs can be predicted by machine learning time-series analysis etc. We also test our algorithms in the presence of prediction errors in future workload information and the results show that our algorithms are robust to prediction errors. We believe that utilizing future information is a new and important degree of freedom in designing online algorithms. In traditional online algo¬rithm design future input information is not taken into account. Many online problems have online algorithms with optimal but large competitive ratios. Since future input information to some extent can be estimated accurately in many problems we believe that we should exploit such information in online algorithm design to achieve better competitive ratio and provide more competitive edge in both practice and theory. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lu, Tan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-81). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contributions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.6 / Chapter 3 --- Problem Formulation --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1 --- Settings and Models --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.13 / Chapter 4 --- Optimal Solution and Offline Algorithm --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1 --- Structure of Optimal Solution --- p.15 / Chapter 4.2 --- Intuitions and Observations --- p.17 / Chapter 4.3 --- Offline Algorithm Achieving the Optimal Solution --- p.18 / Chapter 5 --- Online Dynamic Provisioning --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1 --- Dynamic Provisioning without FutureWorkload Information --- p.22 / Chapter 5.2 --- Dynamic Provisioning with Future Workload Information --- p.23 / Chapter 5.3 --- Adapting the Algorithms to Work with Discrete-Time Fluid Workload Model --- p.31 / Chapter 5.4 --- Extending to Case Where Servers Have Setup Time --- p.32 / Chapter 6 --- Experiments --- p.35 / Chapter 6.1 --- Settings --- p.35 / Chapter 6.2 --- Performance of the Proposed Online Algorithms --- p.38 / Chapter 6.3 --- Impact of Prediction Error --- p.39 / Chapter 6.4 --- Impact of Peak-to-Mean Ratio (PMR) --- p.40 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.40 / Chapter 6.6 --- Additional Experiments --- p.41 / Chapter 7 --- A New Degree of Freedom for Designing Online Algorithm --- p.44 / Chapter 7.1 --- The Lost Cow Problem --- p.45 / Chapter 7.2 --- Secretary Problem without Future Information --- p.47 / Chapter 7.3 --- Secretary Problem with Future Information --- p.48 / Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.50 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.51 / Chapter A --- Proof --- p.54 / Chapter A.1 --- Proof of Theorem 4.1.1 --- p.54 / Chapter A.2 --- Proof of Theorem 4.3.1 --- p.57 / Chapter A.3 --- Least idle vs last empty --- p.60 / Chapter A.4 --- Proof of Theorem 5.2.2 --- p.61 / Chapter A.5 --- Proof of Corollary 5.4.1 --- p.70 / Chapter A.6 --- Proof of Lemma 7.1.1 --- p.72 / Chapter A.7 --- Proof of Theorem 7.3.1 --- p.74 / Bibliography --- p.76

There has long been concern that rating the thermal performance of buildings on the basis of predicted normalized energy requirement (MJ/m2) is inappropriate for achieving overall energy efficient design of houses, mainly due to the inability of such schemes to deal with the evaluation of passive architectural design in the form of free running buildings. This study, investigating the shortcomings in the current rating schemes, hypothesizes that the main reason for that inability is due to significant differences between efficient design for free running and conditioned houses. It also suggests that a multiple occupancy scenario, involving variable occupation times and zones, is an important parameter for improving the accuracy of any building evaluation system. The study aims to propose a new method for House Rating Schemes in which the efficiency of a house design will be evaluated with reference to its thermal performance in both free running and conditioned operation modes. By attributing more value to the performance of houses in the free running than the conditioned operation, it is assumed that policy objectives for reducing energy demand for space heating and cooling in the residential building sector are more likely to be achieved. Simulation was used to compare the predicted thermal performances of houses in free running and conditioned operation modes for the moderate climates of Sydney and Canberra. Parametric sensitivity analysis and multivariate regression analysis have been employed and point to the following results. The reliability of a free running rating scheme, in terms of addressing energy efficient aspects, as compared to the current energy based rating schemes, is demonstrated. The research illustrates significant differences between efficient design for conditioned houses and for free running houses. The findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a new regulatory framework for reducing energy demand in the housing sector. Utilizing these findings, an aggregation of two rating systems for the purpose of creating a new house rating framework has been developed. It is assumed that this research approach is likely to deliver significant benefits in terms of reduction in energy demand and increased sustainability, if it is employed as a basis for House Ratings Schemes.

Nowadays, the strategy of improving the energy conserving situations of existing buildingshas been playing a more and more important role of further promoting the worldwide sustainabledevelopment paths, especially in China. This thesis presents the results of a case study based researchwhere several different building Energy Conservation and Efficiency Refurbishment (ECER) options toimprove the energy performance of two representative Chinese Residential Multi-Family Buildings(RMFBs) of two very different climate conditions are evaluated and compared, which have been seenas the typical case buildings of existing and aging less energy efficient urban residential building inthat regions (i.e. one in Urumqi belongs to north cold winter region; and other one in Shanghai belongsto south cold winter and hot summer region). In order to provide a scientific base to present the detailenergy conserving improvements in a quantity and quality way, the research methods are including: therelevant literature reviews; the real case data based interview data collections from the professionalworkers in building ECER field; the simulation and analysis processes are based on the building energysimulation computer program – VIP-Energy (Version 2.0.7). The study results are presented in acomprehensive yet straightforward way, and allow for later interesting comparisons between thedifferent building ECER measures for improvement. In a broader perspective, this research will help toexplore a comparative long-term perspective point of view on the existed and most commonly usedresidential building envelope refurbishment measures in a more comprehensive way, and identify thepotential opportunities for further promoting the building energy consumption reductions to meet thefuture increasingly restrict national building energy conservation standards. In addition, the researchalso suggested the optimal RMFB envelope refurbishment strategy based on the case buildings’ statusquo and subject ECER measures, which is introducing an advancing system thinking pattern to theexisting conventional ECER measures, implementing the combined building ECER options to the casebuildings are put forward. And the separate considerations of environmental and economic benefits thatobtained by the subject ECER measures are both presenting simultaneously in the end.