<p>The private sewage systems in Sweden releases around 600 tons of phosphorus per year, compared to about 350 tons from municipal sewage treatment plants, and they account for approximately 21% of the total anthropogenic discharge of phosphorus into Swedish waters. About 40% of Sweden's nearly 1 million private sewage systems are inferior with respect to emissions to surface and groundwater.</p><p> </p><p>The technology of small sewage plants is under development and knowledge of treatment effects for different solutions is poorly consolidated. Municipal authorities lack resources to keep up with the technologic development and assess the reliability of the treatment performances that suppliers report for their products. The thesis aims to conduct a market review and evaluation of wholly or partially prefabricated small sewage plants, to make it easier for municipalities and property owners to assess different technical solutions. The goal is a compilation of the products on the market, evaluated on the basis of the reliability of specified degrees of reduction.</p><p>Information on sampling procedures and test results were collected through a questionnaire to all active suppliers and the responses were then used to classify the products. The results suggest that most products have been extensively tested and shown a good cleaning ability. Those test results should be readily available to property owners and state authorities so that they do not have to make their own inquiries to verify the functionality of each product. Tests should also be entered in the central gauge database that is being constructed on behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.</p><p>A case study was conducted in five municipalities in order to investigate how the handling of private sewage plants can be improved. The current work situation, what improvements that are demanded and what the administrators think of various suggestions for action was identified through interviews. According to the results, all administrators use the Environmental Protection Agency's general recommendations in their work though most of them experience difficulties to interpret the recommendations, and demand clearer rules and guidance. Almost all administrators want to increase the use of digital data and collaborate more across municipal boundaries. Another interesting finding is that the strategies to define the levels of environmental protection differ widely both between the five municipalities and between administrators within the municipalities. Better coordination is needed to enhance legal certainty and predictability for property owners and contractors.</p> / Kunskapscentrum Små Avlopp

The private sewage systems in Sweden releases around 600 tons of phosphorus per year, compared to about 350 tons from municipal sewage treatment plants, and they account for approximately 21% of the total anthropogenic discharge of phosphorus into Swedish waters. About 40% of Sweden's nearly 1 million private sewage systems are inferior with respect to emissions to surface and groundwater.   The technology of small sewage plants is under development and knowledge of treatment effects for different solutions is poorly consolidated. Municipal authorities lack resources to keep up with the technologic development and assess the reliability of the treatment performances that suppliers report for their products. The thesis aims to conduct a market review and evaluation of wholly or partially prefabricated small sewage plants, to make it easier for municipalities and property owners to assess different technical solutions. The goal is a compilation of the products on the market, evaluated on the basis of the reliability of specified degrees of reduction. Information on sampling procedures and test results were collected through a questionnaire to all active suppliers and the responses were then used to classify the products. The results suggest that most products have been extensively tested and shown a good cleaning ability. Those test results should be readily available to property owners and state authorities so that they do not have to make their own inquiries to verify the functionality of each product. Tests should also be entered in the central gauge database that is being constructed on behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. A case study was conducted in five municipalities in order to investigate how the handling of private sewage plants can be improved. The current work situation, what improvements that are demanded and what the administrators think of various suggestions for action was identified through interviews. According to the results, all administrators use the Environmental Protection Agency's general recommendations in their work though most of them experience difficulties to interpret the recommendations, and demand clearer rules and guidance. Almost all administrators want to increase the use of digital data and collaborate more across municipal boundaries. Another interesting finding is that the strategies to define the levels of environmental protection differ widely both between the five municipalities and between administrators within the municipalities. Better coordination is needed to enhance legal certainty and predictability for property owners and contractors. / Kunskapscentrum Små Avlopp

Uppsatsens syften är att undersöka hur kulturarvsbegreppet används i svenska kulturpolitiska utredningar och propositioner med särskilt fokus på arkivväsendet, samt att sätta detta i relation till hur kulturarvsbegreppet används i tre regionala arkivinstitutioners verksamhet och i respektive institutioners direktiv och styrdokument. Särskild tonvikt har lagts vid enskilda arkiv, vars bevarandevärde ofta motiveras med att de tillhör kulturarvet. En genomgång av utredningar som fokuserar på kulturpolitik i allmänhet eller arkiv i synnerhet visar att kulturarvsbegreppet används på ett ambivalent sätt med varierande räckvidd och betydelse som varierar mellan ett enhetligt, nationellt särpräglat kulturarv och en mängd mindre kulturarv, där minoriteter och tidigare underrepresenterade grupper ska lyftas fram och ”allt” kan ingå. Arkivinstitutionerna i Sverige har inte samma långa tradition som museer av aktiv insamling, skapande av källmaterial och utåtriktad förmedling av det material som förvaras på institutionen. Om kulturpolitiken och kulturarvsbegreppet får en betydelse som mer riktas mot exempelvis underrepresenterade grupper kan konsekvenserna bli att arkivinstitutionerna måste ta på sig en mer aktiv roll och självkritiskt granska vilka värderingar eller principer som format verksamheten. För att komplettera den kulturpolitiska bilden har ett antal kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter för arkivinstitutioner i Skåne, samt studier av institutionernas presentationsmaterial, gjorts. På konkret vardagsnivå tycks skiftningar i kulturpolitiska direktiv och kulturarvsbegreppets potentiellt förändrade betydelse ha relativt liten betydelse. En viss styrning från statligt, kulturpolitiskt håll sker i samband med att vissa projekt premieras med bidragspengar, något som i synnerhet mindre institutioner är i hög grad beroende av. Arkivrepresentanterna tycks använda kulturarvsbegreppet främst i kulturpolitiska sammanhang, presentationer och ABM-samarbeten och på ett ungefär lika svävande sätt som de statliga utredningarna. Till arkivvärlden har inte samma resurser som i museisammanhang avsatts för implementering av exempelvis genus- och mångfaldsperspektiv även om dessa skall beaktas enligt direktiven. Detta kan hänga ihop med institutionernas traditionellt olika funktioner men är även en tänkbar förklaring till arkivens svårigheter att tillgodogöra sig förändrade kulturpolitiska krav. De kulturpolitiska ambitionerna får ett visst avtryck i regleringsbrev och styrdokument, men ofta på ett så abstrakt och ickeoperationellt plan att det är svårt att tillämpa dem på den praktiska verksamheten.

A growing concern in educational institutions is the lack of a unified collegial effort to address issues pertaining to discrimination. The Swedish National Agency of Education (SNAE) has released several reports and articles this past decade (2009, 2010, 2016), in which no significant improvement has been observed in schools with regard to discrimination pertaining to race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation and disability. An important finding illustrated in all reports is that norms are the cardinal reason behind all discriminating conduct. Consequently, to address this problem, SNAE suggests that a norm-critical perspective should be implemented in order to hamper and change such behaviours (101). A core problem, however, is that not all syllabi provide specific examples of how teachers can work with norms in the classroom. Significantly, however, literature has shown to be a valuable gateway to norm-criticism as it provides students with the opportunity to critically assess problems presented in novels with a certain detachment; promoting a more objective attitude and thus a deeper understanding of their own real-life situations (Rosenblatt 47). Thus, the aim of this thesis is to provide English teachers with a more concrete point of departure in the discussion of norms by the use of literature, namely Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre (1847). More specifically, this essay critically examines the notions of heteronormativity, gender and ableism to illustrate how hetero-norms, gender-norms and disability-norms are both subverted and challenged in Jane Eyre, often in unexpected ways. The concepts of the ‘male gaze’ and the ‘Other’ are introduced, to demonstrate how this novel may be approached norm-critically in the ambition to avert discriminatory behaviour. To exemplify how the reading of each concept may have positive implications in teaching, I demonstrate how a fusion of norm-critical pedagogy, critical literacy pedagogy and reader-response theory can be fruitful to foster critical thinking.

This thesis examines the translation of cultural-specific elements known as realia from Swedish to Italian based on the theoretical framework of translation studies. Realia, often without correspondence in the target language and sometimes difficult to even distinguish in a text, are known to cause challenges for translators.   The thesis focuses on the realia in the book Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann, written by Jonas Jonasson in 2009. It examines which translation strategies the translator has used for the cultural-specific elements and the question is raised whether the translation is orientated towards the source culture (“adequacy”) or towards the target culture (“acceptability”). The initial hypothesis was that the translation of the book would be orientated towards the target culture (acceptability) and that in the Italian version the geographic-cultural element would be dominant to the plot, which would be a subdominant.   The analysis is based on parallell reading of the original Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann and the Italian translation Il centenario che saltò dalla finestra e scomparve, translated by Margherita Podestà Heir in 2011. Whilst reading the books, realia were collected, listed and organised in groups according to categories of realia as described by Osimo (2011) and the translation strategy used, again as described by Osimo. The analysis confirmed that the translation was orientated towards the target culture with an “acceptable” translation, rather than “adequate”. It was equally found that the plot was as important to the translator of the Italian version and hence a dominant also in the latter.   The thesis highlights the importance of insight in the “language-culture” of the source language as the inadequacy thereof could contribute to failed translations of both realia and other words and phrases.

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<p>Godkännandedatum 2019-02-01</p>